In every era of the history there were languages, that were spoken not only in its own culture, but also in other cultures for the reason of cultural, political, religious, scientific or economical executive positions of the concerning empire or state.
A lot of european languages have been influenced by Latin and Greek because of the christianisation and the expansion of the roman empire to Gallia, Germania and the British isles. In the 18th century Frech became Lingua Franca, spoken by the royality. After the second worldwar English became a medium for worldwide accommodation by economical and political increasing of the United States. Throughout history many loanwords from the English have been adopted into Russian and many other languages, especially at the end of the 20th century and at the beginning of he 21st century. Since the end of the east-west conflict and the international position of the USA a rising use of anglicisms in the Russian language have been noticed.Every language is changing and is par of a lasting developemental process. Every part of developement and a linguistic era leave marks by implying new words while other words dissappear and become part of the past, also in Russian and English. New scientific and technological developements, the rapid growth of mass media and the public life are reasons for emergence of new words and meanings in English. They partly influence other languages for the reason of intergovernmental contacts in various areas and the global relevance of the English language in such a way, that it can be called an anglicism-explosion.
The term paper at hand is targed to give an overview of the linguistic developement of Russian language influenced by the English language and the reason for English as an influential language. Similarities and differences of words with -ing suffix are analyzed for degree of linguistic integration into Russian. Morphological, but also phonological features will be analyzed and the orthographical level of loan words and the exent of the English influence. This analysis makes it possible to draw a conclusion about integration of –ing borrowings and their phonological, grammatical, and derivational characteristics.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. English as a Global Language
2.1 Reasons for the English Supremacy
2.2 Linguistic Factors
3. Anglicisms in the Russian Language – a Historical Overview
3.1 Anglicisms before the 20th Century
3.2 Anglicisms in the 20th Century
4. Definition of Loanwords and Typology of Anglicisms
5. Reasons for the Influence of the English Language on the Russian Language
5.1 Extralinguisic Reasons
5.2 Intralinguistic Reasons
6. Integration of English Words in the Russian Language
6.1 Semantics
6.2 Phonological Level and Spelling
6.3 Morphological Level
6.4 Syntactic Integration
7. Conclusion
Research Objectives and Core Themes
This academic paper examines the linguistic integration of English loanwords—specifically those ending in the "-ing" suffix—into the Russian language. The primary objective is to analyze the historical development, semantic categorization, and the morphological and syntactic adaptation of these borrowings as they transition from foreign jargon into standardized Russian discourse.
- Historical evolution of Anglicisms in Russian from the 16th century to the present.
- Extralinguistic and intralinguistic drivers behind the adoption of English terms.
- Semantic classification of "-ing" borrowings across economy, politics, technology, and culture.
- Grammatical assimilation processes, including gender assignment and case declension.
- Syntactic shift of "-ing" forms from modifiers in English to head-nouns in Russian.
Excerpt from the Book
6.3 Morphological Level
Every loan word has to undergo the process of grammatical assimilation in the recipient language. This means that a loan word is supposed to function according to the grammatical rules of the language that borrows it. Words borrowed into Russian must first be assigned to a grammatical category. All of the -ing borrowings function as nouns in the Russian language. Although there is no category of grammatical gender in modern English, all Anglicisms in Russian get categorized to one of three gender classes: neutral, masculine, feminine. In terms of gender, the -ing borrowings do not pose any problems for a Russian speaker. All of them get easily assimilated to the category of masculine gender, for they all end with a consonant. The majority of Russian nouns of masculine gender end with a consonant (or have so-called zero inflection) in Nominative Case. It does not seem to be a problem for a Russian speaker to use an -ing borrowing with a plural referent. All of the -ing borrowings get regular masculine plural inflection. Integrated -ing borrowings can be used in any of six Russian cases, following the rules of declension for masculine nouns with the zero inflection in Nominative Case (Berk 1999: 250). To show how the nouns change in any of the six Russian cases, noun стол (a table) and the –ing borrowing шоппинг (shopping) are used in the following table:
Summary of Chapters
1. Introduction: Outlines the historical context of language contact and defines the paper's focus on the integration of "-ing" borrowings into Russian.
2. English as a Global Language: Explores the reasons behind English supremacy, highlighting geopolitical influence and inherent linguistic factors.
3. Anglicisms in the Russian Language – a Historical Overview: Traces the chronological entry of English words into the Russian lexicon from early trade relations to the 20th century.
4. Definition of Loanwords and Typology of Anglicisms: Establishes the theoretical framework for defining borrowings and classifying different types of Anglicisms.
5. Reasons for the Influence of the English Language on the Russian Language: Analyzes the extralinguistic and intralinguistic catalysts that drive the adoption of new vocabulary.
6. Integration of English Words in the Russian Language: Provides a detailed analysis of how these words adapt semantically, phonologically, morphologically, and syntactically.
7. Conclusion: Synthesizes the findings and discusses the hierarchy of assimilation observed in "-ing" borrowings.
Keywords
Anglicisms, Russian language, Loanwords, -ing suffix, Linguistic integration, Morphological assimilation, Syntactic integration, Semantics, Global English, Borrowing, Neologisms, Sociolinguistics, Derivational patterns, Language contact, Historical linguistics.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary focus of this research?
The work primarily investigates the linguistic integration of English words ending in the "-ing" suffix into the Russian language.
What are the main thematic areas covered?
The study covers historical developments, reasons for language influence (extralinguistic and intralinguistic), and the specific morphological and syntactic adaptation of loanwords.
What is the central research question?
The research seeks to understand how "-ing" borrowings are integrated into Russian and what characteristics they display regarding phonological, grammatical, and derivational features.
Which scientific methods are employed?
The paper utilizes a descriptive analysis of linguistic corpora and theoretical models from prominent scholars to evaluate the assimilation of foreign lexemes.
What is discussed in the main body?
The main body details the historical timeline of borrowings, provides a typology of Anglicisms, analyzes the reasons for their adoption, and examines their structural integration in Russian.
Which keywords characterize this paper?
Key terms include Anglicisms, Russian language, Loanwords, Linguistic integration, Morphological assimilation, and Sociolinguistics.
Why do "-ing" borrowings mostly function as nouns in Russian?
Because the Russian language assigns these borrowed forms to the masculine noun category, where they easily fit the consonant-ending pattern of existing masculine declensions.
How does the usage of "-ing" terms differ between English and Russian?
While "-ing" forms can function as verbs or modifiers in English, they are almost exclusively integrated as head-nouns in the Russian language, often requiring additional modifiers to convey specific meanings.
Does the author suggest a hierarchy of integration?
Yes, the conclusion suggests a spectrum of assimilation ranging from barely assimilated, jargon-heavy terms to fully integrated and standardized units within the Russian language.
- Quote paper
- Olesja Yaniv (Author), 2015, Anglicisms in the Russian Language Based on -ing Borrowings, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.hausarbeiten.de/document/338392
