Chapter on Organic synthesis contains Preparation of m-Dinitrobenzene, m-Nitroaniline, Hippuric Acid, Azlactone, phthalimide, 2,4-Dihydroxyacetophenone,Anthracene-Maleicanhydrideadduct Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Aspirin, P-Bromoacetanilide,P-Bromoaniline 2, 4, 6 Tribromoaniline; 1, 3, 5 Tribromobenzene, Aspirin, Tetrahydrocarbazole, 7-Hydroxy4-Methyl Coumarin (Umbelliferon) and Synthesis of Phenyl Indole, 7 Hydroxy-3-Methyl Flavone, 2, 5 Di hydroxy Acetophenone, 4-Chloro Toluene, Benzpinacol, 7-Hydroxy Coumarin, Maleic Anhydride, Benzophenone, Benzanilide, Vanillyl Alcohol, Ortho and Para Nitro Phenols, Acridone. In chapter two consists of Isolation of Natural product such as Isolation of Piperine from Black-pepper, Caffeine from Tea Leaves, and Cineole from Eucalyptus Leaves.Chapter three is “Drug synthesis” it mainly contains synthesis of Paracetamol, Phenytoin, Benzocaine, chlorbutol, Sulphanilamide, flourescein, Chapter four is Organic mixture analysis explained the binary as well as ternary mixture and solid- solid, solid-liquid, liquid-liquid types of mixture. While chapter five consists of spectral analysis in which UV, visible, NMR, IR etc and different types of chromatographic techniques.A special feature of this book is that the text has been illustrated with a large number of line diagrams and the data presented in the form of numerous tables for reference and comparison. It focuses, in clear and lucid language, on the basic scientific contents necessary to understand latest issues. The salient features i. Lucid and elegant style ii. Dependable information about concepts iii. Sufficient examples for practice with their spectra
Contents
Chapter 1 Organic synthesis
1.1 Preparation of m-Dinitrobenzene
1.2 Preparation of m-Nitroaniline
1.3 Preparation of Hippuric Acid
1.4 Preparation of Azlactone
1.5 Preparation of phthalimide
1.6 Preparation of 2, 4-Dihydroxyacetophenone
1.7 Preparation of Anthracene-Maleic anhydride adduct
1.8 Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Anthracene Maleic Anhydride Adduct
1.9 Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Aspirin
1.9.1 P-Bromoacetanilide
1.9.2 Synthesis of P-Bromoaniline
1.9.3 Preparation of 2, 4, 6 Tribromoaniline
1.9.4 Preparation of 1, 3, 5 Tribromobenzene
1.9.5 Preparation of Aspirin
1.9.6 Preparation of Tetrahydrocarbazole
1.9.7 7-Hydroxy4-Methyl Coumarin (Umbelliferon)
1.9.8 Organic Synthesis-1: 2–Phenyl Indole
1.9.9 Organic Synthesis-2: 7-Hydroxy-3-Methyl Flavone
1.10 Organic Synthesis-3: 2, 5 Di hydroxy Acetophenone
1.10.1 Organic Synthesis-4: 4-Chloro Toluene
1.10.2 Organic Synthesis-5: Benzpinacol [Photo reduction]
1.10.3 Organic Synthesis-6: 7-Hydroxy Coumarin
1.10.4 Organic Synthesis-7: Photodimerization of Maleic Anhydride
1.10.5 Organic Synthesis-8: Benzophenone
1.10.6 Organic Synthesis-9: Benzanilide
1.10.7 Organic Synthesis-10: Vanillyl Alcohol
1.10.8 Organic Synthesis-11 Ortho and Para Nitro Phenols
1.10.9 Organic Synthesis-12: Acridone
Chapter 2 Isolation of Natural product
2.0 Isolation of Piperine from Black-pepper
2.1 Isolation of Caffeine from Tea Leaves
2.2 Isolation of Cineole from Eucalyptus Leaves
Chapter 3 Drug synthesis
3.0 synthesis of Paracetamol
3.1 synthesis of Phenytoin
3.2 synthesis of Benzocaine
3.4 synthesis of Synthesis of chlorbutol
3.5 synthesis of Sulphanilamide
3.6 synthesis of flourescein
Chapter 4 Organic mixture analysis
4.0 Analysis of Organic Binary and Ternary Mixture Analysis
4.1 Separation reagent
4.2 Solubility procedure
4.3 Separation procedure
4.4 Solid-liquid or liquid-liquid mixture
4.5 Binary mixture
4.6 Ternary mixture
4.7 Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds
4.8 Functional Group Analysis: Analysis of Carboxylic Acids
4.9 Derivative: Amide & Anilide
4.10 Analysis of Phenols
4.10.1 Derivatives
4.10.2 Analysis of Amines
4.10.3 Derivatives
4.10.4 Analysis of Carbonyl compounds
4.10.5 Iodoform test for methyl ketone
4.10.6 Derivatives for carbonyl compound
4.10.7 Analysis of Amides
4.10.8 Derivatives
4.10.9 Anilides
4.10.10 Derivative
4.11 Analysis of Esters
4.11.1 Derivatives
4.11.2 Analysis of Ethers
4.11.3 Derivatives
4.11.4 Analysis of Hydrocarbon
4.11.5 Derivatives
4.11.6 Analysis of Miscellaneous Group
4.11.7 Carbohydrates
4.11.8 Derivatives: Carbohydrates
4.11.9 Analysis of Urea
4.11.10 Derivatives: Urea
4.12 Analysis of Thiourea
4.12.1 Derivatives: Thiourea
Chapter 5 Spectral Analysis and chromatographic techniques
5.0 Spectral Analysis
5.1 order of interpretation of the spectral data
5.2 Analysis of Spectral Data
5.3 Introduction of chromatography
5.3.1 Classification of Chromatographic Techniques
5.3.2 Thin Layer Chromatography–I
5.3.3 Thin Layer Chromatography–II
5.3.4 Thin Layer Chromatography-3
5.3.5 Coloum Chromatography -1
5.3.5.1 Principle
5.3.5.2 Materials Needed
5.3.5.3 Procedure: Dry Packing Method
5.3.5.4 Wet Packing Method
5.3.6 Column Chromatography-II
5.3.6.1 Principle
5.3.6.2 Materials Needed
5.3.6.3 Procedure: Dry Packing Method
5.3.6.4 Wet Packing Method
Research Objectives and Key Topics
This textbook provides a core practical course for M.Sc. chemistry students, focusing on the synthesis of organic compounds, the isolation of natural products, the synthesis of medicinal drugs, the qualitative analysis of organic mixtures, and the application of advanced spectral and chromatographic analytical techniques.
- Methodical synthesis protocols for various organic and drug compounds.
- Isolation techniques for bioactive natural products from botanical sources.
- Systematic qualitative analysis of binary and ternary organic mixtures.
- Interpretation of spectral data (UV, IR, NMR) for structure elucidation.
- Practical chromatographic separation techniques including TLC and column chromatography.
Book Excerpt
1.1 Preparation of m-Dinitrobenzene
Aim: To synthesize a pure sample of m-dinitrobenzene by nitration of nitrobenzene.
Principle: Nitration of aromatic compounds containing electron releasing groups (OH, NH2 etc) is carried out under milder conditions because the aromatic nucleus is activated. In case the aromatic compound containing an electron withdrawing group (NO2, SO3H, CHO, CO2H) the nitration requires drastic conditions (i.e.,) use of fuming HNO3 and concentrated H2SO4 as nitrating agents.
Type of reaction: Electrophilic Substitution Reaction on Aromatic ring (Nitration).
Apparatus: Round bottom flask (RBF), Air condenser, beaker, suction pump.
Chemicals required: 5ml nitrobenzene, 7ml fuming nitric acid, 10ml concentrated H2SO4.
Procedure: 1. Prepare nitrating mixture by placing 7ml of fuming nitric acid in a clean dry Round bottom flask (RBF). To this carefully add, with shaking 10ml of concentrated H2SO4 and a fragment of porcelain. 2. To the nitrating mixture add 5ml nitrobenzene in very small lots with constant shaking. After Adding whole of nitrating mixture shake the Round bottom flask (RBF) for 5 minutes. 3. Fix the air condenser and heat the flask on boiling water bath for 1 hour. Shake the flask vigorously from time to time throughout this period of heating. 4. After heating allow the Round bottom flask (RBF) to cool to room temperature. Finally pour this mixture carefully with vigorous stirring into a beaker containing crushed ice. The heavy oily dinitrobenzene will rapidly solidify.
Summary of Chapters
Chapter 1 Organic synthesis: Provides detailed laboratory procedures for the synthesis of various organic compounds, focusing on specific reactions and their mechanisms.
Chapter 2 Isolation of Natural product: Describes the extraction and isolation processes for natural bioactive compounds from black pepper, tea leaves, and eucalyptus.
Chapter 3 Drug synthesis: Covers the step-by-step chemical synthesis of essential pharmaceutical agents like Paracetamol, Phenytoin, and others.
Chapter 4 Organic mixture analysis: Explains the systematic methodology for separating and identifying components in binary and ternary organic mixtures.
Chapter 5 Spectral Analysis and chromatographic techniques: Details the interpretation of spectral data (NMR, IR, UV) and the application of various chromatography methods for purification and analysis.
Keywords
Organic Synthesis, Drug Synthesis, Isolation, Natural Products, Spectral Analysis, NMR, IR Spectroscopy, Chromatography, TLC, Column Chromatography, Qualitative Analysis, Chemical Reagents, Molecular Formula, Reaction Mechanism, Purification
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary focus of this book?
This book is designed as a core practical guide for M.Sc. chemistry students, covering essential laboratory techniques for organic synthesis, drug preparation, and compound analysis.
What are the central thematic areas covered in the chapters?
The book focuses on five main areas: organic chemical synthesis, isolation of natural products, drug molecule synthesis, systematic organic mixture analysis, and spectral/chromatographic characterization.
What is the main goal of the practical work described?
The goal is to bridge the gap between theoretical chemistry and professional laboratory requirements, equipping students with the skills needed for their practical careers.
Which scientific methods are primarily employed?
The book utilizes standard laboratory synthesis techniques, extraction methods, qualitative analysis tests, and instrumental methods like UV, IR, and NMR spectroscopy.
What does the book cover in the main analytical section?
The main part deals with the identification of organic compounds, derivative preparation, and the use of modern chromatographic methods like Thin Layer and Column chromatography.
Which keywords characterize this work best?
The most relevant keywords include Organic Synthesis, Natural Product Isolation, Spectral Analysis, Drug Synthesis, and Chromatographic Techniques.
How are binary and ternary mixtures typically separated?
The book provides systematic flow charts and solubility procedures to separate components based on their chemical properties and interaction with specific reagents.
What role does spectral analysis play in this manual?
Spectral analysis is taught as a critical tool for structure elucidation, teaching students how to interpret M+, IR, and NMR data to confirm molecular formulas and structures.
How is the purification of anthracene addressed?
The book describes specific procedures for purifying commercial anthracene using column chromatography, detailing both dry and wet packing methods.
What methodology is used to verify the purity of synthesized compounds?
Purity is verified through physical constant determination (such as melting points) and through Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) utilizing various detection methods like UV and iodine chambers.
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- Prof. Amrut Gaddamwar (Autor:in), Prof. P. R. Rajput (Autor:in), 2013, Organic and Inorganic Practical Chemistry, München, GRIN Verlag, https://www.hausarbeiten.de/document/213967
