This paper provides an up-to-date perspective on the credit derivatives market. It explains why financial institutions are active in this market and which positions they incorporate.
Moreover, gaps in credit derivatives trading will be outlined. The findings will be used to assess the most commonly stated benefits and risks of credit derivatives.
The potential linkages between credit derivatives and the financial crisis are also addressed. Lehman Brothers and AIG will be used as examples to answer the question on whether the distress of major financial institutions during the financial crisis can be related to credit derivatives. These institutions have been highly active in the credit derivatives market.
Finally, it will be asked whether the findings in this paper are applicable for other over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives.
This paper will come up with a conclusion on whether the benefits or risks of these instruments are prevailing and suggests ways on how regulators should address OTC markets in the future.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
2 Principles of credit derivatives
2.1 What are credit derivatives and how are they traded?
2.2 How do credit derivatives differ from other OTC derivatives?
3 The credit derivatives market
3.1 The size of the credit derivatives market: a risk indicator?
3.2 Market participants in the CDS market
3.3 CDS reference entities
3.4 Why are credit derivatives used?
4 The benefits of credit derivatives
4.1 Credit risk transfer and the allocation of credit risk
4.2 CDS and credit market liquidity
4.3 The informational value of credit derivatives
5 The risks of credit derivatives
5.1 CDS and market transparency
5.1.1 Transparency gaps in the CDS market
5.1.2 The lack of transparency in Lehman Brothers’ CDS settlement
5.2 CDS and systemic risk
5.2.1 Linkages between CDS and systemic risk
5.2.2 Theoretical framework: measuring the systemic importance of an institution
5.2.3 The systemic importance of AIG
5.2.4 The role of CDS in AIG’s liquidity crisis
6 Implications for other OTC derivatives
7 Conclusion
Research Objectives & Topics
The paper examines the role of credit derivatives—specifically Credit Default Swaps (CDS)—before and after the financial crisis, aiming to determine whether their benefits, such as risk management and informational efficiency, outweigh the systemic risks associated with their market structure.
- Analysis of the credit derivatives market and the function of CDS.
- Evaluation of the benefits of credit derivatives regarding risk transfer and market liquidity.
- Assessment of systemic risks, focusing on market transparency and the cases of Lehman Brothers and AIG.
- Investigation of whether the findings regarding CDS are applicable to other OTC derivatives.
Excerpt from the Book
2.1 What are credit derivatives and how are they traded?
Consider a bank holding a portfolio of bonds. Under normal circumstances the bank is paid a fixed coupon rate and will receive the face value of the bond at maturity date. In times of financial distress, the bank may be exposed to default risk of these bonds. Here, credit derivatives can be potential insurance tools.
They provide protection on reference entities such as companies or countries. Credit derivatives enable banks to reduce their external exposure by trading credit risks. (Hull, 2008, p. 525)
Surveys undertaken by the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) show that CDS are the most common credit derivatives. They represent 88.4 % of total credit derivatives in June 2007 and 98.9 % in June 2010. (BIS, 2010, p. 13)
A CDS is a contract between two parties, a buyer and a seller of protection. The protection buyer can claim insurance in the case of default of a particular company or country. The buyer pays a periodic premium to the seller of protection. This periodic premium is paid as a percentage of the CDS’ face value. It is called CDS spread. In return, the protection seller will either physically deliver the bond or provide cash payment in the case of default. (Hull, 2008, p. 25-26)
Summary of Chapters
1 Introduction: This chapter highlights the contradictory views on credit derivatives before and after the financial crisis and outlines the paper's aim to assess their systemic benefits and risks.
2 Principles of credit derivatives: This chapter defines the fundamental characteristics of credit derivatives and explains how they differ structurally from other OTC derivatives.
3 The credit derivatives market: This chapter provides an overview of the CDS market composition, including market participants, reference entities, and the reasons for their usage.
4 The benefits of credit derivatives: This chapter critically assesses the positive impacts of CDS on credit risk allocation, liquidity, and the informational efficiency of financial markets.
5 The risks of credit derivatives: This chapter examines the systemic threats posed by credit derivatives, specifically focusing on transparency issues and the case studies of Lehman Brothers and AIG.
6 Implications for other OTC derivatives: This chapter analyzes whether the systemic risks and structural characteristics found in the CDS market are also prevalent in other OTC derivative markets.
7 Conclusion: This chapter summarizes the findings, arguing that while CDS provide valuable information, their systemic risk potential remains significant and necessitates careful regulatory attention.
Keywords
Credit derivatives, Credit Default Swaps, CDS, Financial Crisis, Systemic Risk, Market Transparency, OTC Derivatives, Counterparty Risk, AIG, Lehman Brothers, Risk Transfer, Liquidity, Information Efficiency, Financial Regulation, Leverage.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the core focus of this thesis?
The work provides a post-crisis analysis of the credit derivatives market, specifically evaluating the balance between the purported benefits of these instruments and the systemic risks they pose to the financial system.
Which instruments represent the central thematic field?
The central focus lies on Credit Default Swaps (CDS) as the most prominent form of credit derivatives, although it also touches upon broader OTC derivatives and their interconnectedness.
What is the primary research question?
The research seeks to clarify whether the benefits, such as credit risk diversification and informational efficiency, are currently prevailing or if the significant risks identified have outweighed these advantages.
Which scientific methods are employed in the study?
The paper utilizes a qualitative analysis, incorporating empirical data from organizations like the BIS and DTCC, and applies case study evaluations of major financial institutions like Lehman Brothers and AIG.
What topics are discussed in the main part?
The main part covers the market mechanics of CDS, their usage for risk management, the theoretical and practical risks concerning market transparency, and a detailed look at the systemic importance of AIG during the financial crisis.
Which keywords characterize the work?
The most characterizing keywords include CDS, Systemic Risk, Credit Derivatives, Financial Crisis, and Market Transparency.
Why are CDS considered to have an "insurance character"?
Unlike standard derivatives that involve an exchange of cash flows based on market variables, a CDS acts like insurance because the buyer pays a premium to be compensated by the seller if a specific "credit event," such as a bond default, occurs.
What role did AIG play in the study's analysis of systemic risk?
AIG serves as a primary example of an institution that, due to its massive and highly leveraged CDS selling positions, became "systemically important," meaning its potential failure threatened the stability of the entire financial market.
How did the Lehman Brothers case impact the CDS market?
The case demonstrated that while the settlement of CDS contracts on Lehman was complex, the bank's direct derivative exposure did not trigger a broader systemic collapse; however, the lack of transparency surrounding these positions caused significant market stress.
Are the findings about CDS applicable to all OTC derivatives?
The paper concludes that findings are only partially transferable, as CDS possess unique features—such as their insurance-like structure and potential for high leverage without pre-funding—that differ from other types of OTC derivatives.
- Arbeit zitieren
- Hendrik Grobath (Autor:in), 2011, Should we fear derivatives?, München, GRIN Verlag, https://www.hausarbeiten.de/document/178563
