The ambition of this thesis is to investigate the significance of
gender issues for reforming the security sector. Further on it will be
analyzed which gender-strategies are crucial for police reform and to
which extent gender-sensitive police reform (GSPR) can contribute to a
reduction of violence against women. The case study shall examine to
which extent gender issues were integrated in GSPR in Sierra Leone.
Based on these findings, this analysis will develop recommendations
how gender can be integrated successfully into security sector reform.
The theoretical part of this paper illustrates the concept of security
sector reform and its meaning for peace-building and development. In
addition, relevant dimensions and actors are introduced combined with
the exemplification of influencing factors and potential obstacles.
Afterwards the concept of gender is discussed, including its relevance
for development cooperation as well as a description of gender-based
violence and its consequences. The theoretical part concludes by
merging these two concepts and illustrates the relevance and strategies
of gender-sensitive police reform. The second part of this analysis
focuses on gender and police reform in Sierra Leone. This chapter
begins with a brief description of the civil war in Sierra Leone as well as the prevalence of gender-based violence. Afterwards the chapter
analyses to which extent gender-sensitive strategies were integrated in
police reform. The paper concludes with recommendations for further
gender-sensitive strategies in the security sector and argues if effective
police reform can reduce the emergence of gender-based violence.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Relevance of Gender for Security Sector Reform
3. The Concept of Security Sector Reform
3.1. Elements and Actors
3.2. Influencing Factors and Relevant Preconditions
4. The Meaning of Gender for Development Cooperation
4.1. Gender-Based Violence
4.2. Sexual Violence in Armed Conflicts
4.3 Consequences of Gender-Based Violence
5. Integrating Gender in Security Sector Reform
5.1. Strategies to Integrate Gender in SSR
5.2. Gender-Sensitive Police Reform
5.2.1. Mandate
5.2.2. Operating Practices
5.2.3. Working Environment and Recruitment
6. Case Study on Sierra Leone
6.1. Civil War
6.2. Prevalence of Gender-Based Violence
6.3. Security Sector Reform
6.3.1. Gender-Sensitive Police Reform
6.3.2. Strengths and Shortcomings
7. Conclusion
Objective and Research Focus
The primary objective of this thesis is to investigate the significance of gender issues in security sector reform (SSR), focusing on the effectiveness of gender-sensitive police reform (GSPR) in contributing to a reduction of gender-based violence (GBV), using Sierra Leone as a case study.
- The theoretical and practical linkages between gender, security, and development.
- The specific challenges and strategies for integrating gender within police reform.
- A detailed analysis of the civil war in Sierra Leone and the prevalence of gender-based violence in the region.
- An evaluation of existing GSPR initiatives in Sierra Leone, identifying key successes and remaining structural shortcomings.
- Development of recommendations for successful gender integration in future security sector reforms.
Excerpt from the Thesis
6.2. Prevalence of Gender-Based Violence
The conflict in Sierra Leone is often described as one of the most inhuman ones in post-Cold War era, which is amongst others influenced by the systematic use of sexual violence. However, sexual violence against in women has already occurred before the conflict. “The incidence of GBV is closely linked to the inferior status of women in Sierra Leone society, which is strongly patriarchal” (Barnes et al. 2007: 11). Women in Sierra Leone have always been victims of GBV, in particular domestic violence, but they also have been discriminated in political and social life. Certainly, “women and girls became particular targets of malice and violence during the conflict. [...] Their vulnerability was deliberately exploited in order to dehumanize them and perpetrate against them the most gross of violations” (TRC Report 2005: 86). The civil war created a vacuum of impunity and a deterioration of traditional values and cultural systems. Sexual violence against women was committed by all involved parties including government forces and the CDF. However, “systematic abuses were attributed to the RUF – infamous for its brutality – and the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council” (Bastick et al. 2007: 57). The utilization of sexual violence by RUF combatants had the intension to gain control of people by torturing and humiliating them. During the conflict the RUF has used different types of sexual violence, but systematic rape can be seen as the main tactic to spread fear and terror. Further on, thousands of women have been abducted by the RUF and were held as sex slaves.
These abducted women and girls were repeatedly raped and subjected to other forms of sexual violence throughout the duration of their captivity, which in many cases lasted years. [...] Especially during the early years of the war, the RUF were assisted by Liberian forces, who also committed rape and other sexual violence (HRW 2003:26).
Summary of Chapters
1. Introduction: Presents the paradigm shift from state-centered to people-centered security and establishes the relevance of integrating gender into security sector reform for sustainable development.
2. Relevance of Gender for Security Sector Reform: Explains the distinction between women as actors and beneficiaries and underscores the operational importance of female participation in security institutions.
3. The Concept of Security Sector Reform: Provides an overview of the history, definitions, actors, and political/economic dimensions of security sector reform, including the factors that influence its success in post-conflict contexts.
4. The Meaning of Gender for Development Cooperation: Discusses the social construction of gender, the definition of gender-based violence, and the critical consequences of sexual violence in both peacetime and during armed conflicts.
5. Integrating Gender in Security Sector Reform: Examines strategies for gender-sensitive reforms, focusing specifically on mandates, training, and the importance of police reform for community security.
6. Case Study on Sierra Leone: Analyzes the brutal civil war, the endemic nature of gender-based violence, and evaluates the implementation of gender-sensitive policies within the Sierra Leone Police.
7. Conclusion: Summarizes the study’s findings, highlighting that while isolated gender-sensitive measures have achieved successes, a comprehensive, holistic approach is required to overcome patriarchal norms.
Keywords
Security Sector Reform, SSR, Gender-Based Violence, GBV, Sierra Leone, Police Reform, Gender Equality, Women's Rights, Peace-building, Post-conflict Reconstruction, Human Security, Sexual Violence, Gender Mainstreaming, Civil Society, Family Support Units
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary scope of this thesis?
The thesis explores the integration of gender issues into security sector reform, specifically evaluating how gender-sensitive police reform can help reduce violence against women in post-conflict societies.
What are the central thematic areas?
The core themes include the concept of human security, the social dimensions of gender, the nature of gender-based violence in armed conflicts, and the practical implementation of police reform strategies.
What is the core research goal?
The goal is to determine if and how integrating gender-sensitive strategies within police institutions can reduce the prevalence of gender-based violence and improve accountability in security sectors.
Which methodology does the author use?
The author employs a comprehensive literature review combined with a single case study of Sierra Leone, analyzing reports from NGOs, UN entities, and governmental documentation to evaluate policy effectiveness.
What does the main body of the work cover?
It covers the theoretical foundations of SSR and gender, the specific consequences of violence on development, and a critical analysis of reforms in Sierra Leone, particularly the Family Support Units.
What are the most significant keywords for this research?
Key terms include Security Sector Reform (SSR), Gender-Based Violence (GBV), Sierra Leone, Peace-building, and Gender Mainstreaming.
How did the civil war in Sierra Leone impact gender dynamics?
The war led to the systematic use of sexual violence as a weapon of war by all parties, significantly deteriorating social norms and exacerbating the vulnerability of women and girls.
What specific institutional innovation is mentioned regarding Sierra Leone?
The thesis highlights the establishment of Family Support Units (FSUs) within the Sierra Leone Police, designed specifically to assist victims of gender-based and domestic violence.
What conclusion does the author reach regarding quotas and female representation?
The author concludes that while increasing female representation is essential, simply meeting numerical quotas is insufficient; fundamental changes in institutional culture and patriarchal attitudes are required to effectively combat gender-based crimes.
- Quote paper
- Susanne Nill (Author), 2011, Can Security Sector Reform Contribute to the Reduction of Gender-Based Violence?, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.hausarbeiten.de/document/172034
