A study was carried out on the assessment of lead in the organs and tissues of domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Ibadan from August to September 2015. Ten (10) chickens (layers and broilers) expressed as samples 1-10 were purchased from different retailer markets (Bodija, Ojoo and Sango) within Ibadan City. The chickens were dissected to remove the intestine, liver, kidney, blood, feathers and muscles were oven-dried at 220 degree Celsius. The pulverized organ and tissues samples were acid-digested and analyzed for the heavy metal lead (Pb) using Buck Scientific Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed that the highest Pb concentrations in parts per million (ppm) were recorded in the liver (2.940+0.040), intestine (3.9800+0.500), kidney(3.6600+0.6000), feather (3.5900+0.06000), and muscle (3.400+0.4000) in sample 10, while the lowest concentration was recorded in the kidney (0.150+0.0300) in sample 1 all at Bodija Market . Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed significance of the Pb metal in the organs and tissues of chickens at P< 0.05. Less than half of the samples had Pb concentration that exceeded the permissible limit of 0.1ppm set by FAO/WHO.
Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 AIM OF THE STUDY
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
2.0 HEAVY METAL POLLUTION
2.1 DOMESTIC CHICKEN (GALLUS GALLUS DOMESTICUS)
2.1.1 SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
2.2 PROPERTIES OF LEAD
2.3 SOURCES OF LEAD EXPOSURE
2.3.1 GLOBAL LEAD CYCLE
2.4 ABSORPTION OF LEAD
2.5 TOXICITY OF LEAD EXPOSURE
2.5.1 HEALTH EFFECTS OF LEAD
2.5.2 EFFECT OF LEAD IN THE KIDNEY
2.5.3 EFFECT OF LEAD IN THE LIVER
2.5.4 EFFECT OF LEAD IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
2.5.5 EFFECT OF LEAD ON THE RED BLOOD CELLS
2.5.6 EFFECT ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
2.5.7 EFFECT OF LEAD ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
2.5.8 EFFECT OF LEAD IN THE BRAIN
2.5.9 EFFECTS ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
2.6 OTHER EFFECTS OF LEAD
2.7 PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF LEAD
3.1 STUDY AREA
3.2 SAMPLE PREPARATION
3.3 ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS
3.4 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
4.1 SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
5.0 DISTRIBUTION OF LEAD ( Pb) METAL IN DIFFERENT TISSUES AND ORGANS OF CHICKENS.
5.1 VARIATION OF Pb CONCENTRATION IN THE ORGANS AND TISSUES AT THE THREE STUDY LOCATIONS ( BODIJA, OJOO AND SANGO).
5.2 HUMAN HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF CONSUMING CHICKEN MEAT IN IBADAN
5.3 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Research Objectives and Focus Areas
The primary aim of this research is to evaluate the concentration and distribution of lead (Pb) in various tissues—specifically muscle, liver, intestine, kidney, blood, and feathers—of domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) sold in Ibadan City, Nigeria, to assess potential public health risks associated with the consumption of these products.
- Analysis of lead (Pb) accumulation levels in edible versus non-edible chicken tissues.
- Comparison of detected heavy metal levels against international safety standards set by FAO/WHO.
- Evaluation of regional variations in lead contamination across different poultry markets in Ibadan.
- Determination of the health implications for human consumers based on the observed bioaccumulation.
- Provision of recommendations for biomonitoring and risk mitigation in the local poultry supply chain.
Excerpt from the Book
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Due to industrialization and urbanization in developing countries of West Africa, heavy metal pollution is likely to reach disturbing levels. The problem is that preparations are not being made towards the protection of the environment.
Nigeria is one of the petroleum exporting countries and use of automobiles by middle and high income groups is rather high. In fact,the growing rate of industrialization is gradually leading to contamination and deterioration of the environment, thus industrialization and heavy metal pollution are positively correlated (Walsh, 2000, Olaifa et al, 2004). The Nigerian petroleum contains >0.45 g/l lead as per the Nigerian Industrial Standards (NIS 116:1981). In Nigeria, gasoline with an average lead content of 0.66 g/L remains in use. With high automobile importation, the national consumption of petrol in the country is estimated at 20 million liters per day, with about 150 people/car/city, therefore close to 15,000 kg of lead is emitted into the environment through combustion daily. Heavy metal pollution is posing a serious problem in Nigeria, threatening animals, human health and quality of the environment (Dekofehiniti, O.O., 2012).
Food safety is a major public concern worldwide. The risk of heavy metal contamination in meat is of great concern for both food safety and human health because of the toxic nature of these metals at relatively minute concentrations (Akan et al., 2010). The poultry industry is one of the largest and fastest growing agro based industries in the world. This can be attributed to an increasing demand for poultry meat and egg product (Burel, S.A. and Valat, C., 2009). Several millions of chickens are raised annually as a source of food for both their meat and eggs. A complete and balanced diet is necessary for human health and vitality.
Summary of Chapters
1.0 INTRODUCTION: This chapter highlights the rising concern regarding heavy metal pollution in West Africa, specifically Nigeria, due to industrialization and vehicle emissions, emphasizing the potential health risks to human and animal populations through the consumption of poultry products.
2.0 HEAVY METAL POLLUTION: This section reviews the definition, environmental sources, and toxicological properties of lead, detailing its physiological impact on various systems within birds and humans, including nephrotoxicity, neurological impairment, and reproductive effects.
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This chapter describes the study area of Ibadan City and documents the systematic procedures for sampling, processing, and analyzing chicken organs using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and statistical methods like ANOVA.
4. RESULTS: These chapters present the quantitative findings of lead concentration in the different tissues (blood, feathers, kidney, liver, muscle, intestine) across ten chicken samples collected from various markets in Ibadan, comparing them against permissible FAO/WHO limits.
5.0 DISCUSSION: This final section interprets the findings, debating the significant variations in lead distribution observed across locations and tissues, and concludes with clear public health recommendations, including the need for regular food biomonitoring.
Keywords
Lead, Bioaccumulation, Heavy metal pollution, Chicken organs, Food safety, Ibadan, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, Poultry industry, Environmental contamination, Public health, Toxic elements, Biomonitoring, Lead exposure, Meat quality, Gastrointestinal system.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the primary focus of this research?
The research focuses on assessing the concentration and distribution of the heavy metal lead (Pb) within the organs and tissues of domestic chickens in Ibadan, Nigeria, to determine the safety of the meat for human consumption.
What are the central themes discussed in this study?
Key themes include the environmental impact of industrialization and vehicle emissions, the bioaccumulation of toxic heavy metals in poultry, food safety regulations, and the physiological toxicity of lead in birds and humans.
What is the main objective of this study?
The primary objective is to quantify lead residues in edible and non-edible tissues of chickens from local markets and compare these results to international permissible limits to safeguard public health.
How was the lead analysis conducted?
The researchers used Buck Scientific Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) to analyze acid-digested samples of muscle, liver, intestine, kidney, blood, and feathers from ten different chickens.
What does the study cover in its main sections?
The study transitions from an introduction on environmental pollution to an extensive literature review on lead toxicity, followed by a detailed methodology, presentation of empirical results, and a comprehensive discussion proposing health mitigation strategies.
Which keywords define this work?
The study is characterized by keywords such as Lead, Bioaccumulation, Food Safety, Poultry industry, Environmental contamination, and Public Health.
How does lead affect the kidney in chickens?
The study indicates that the kidney is a primary target organ for lead toxicity, manifesting as proximal tubular damage, glomerular sclerosis, and interstitial fibrosis in cases of high exposure.
Why are feathers significant in this specific research?
Feathers were analyzed as a bio-indicator of environmental lead exposure because they accumulate metals during their growth phase, providing a non-destructive way to monitor the local ecological health.
- Quote paper
- Emmanuel Tyokumbur (Author), 2015, Evaluation of Lead in the Organs and Tissues of Domestic Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). Food Safety, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.hausarbeiten.de/document/1363592
