This study was the first of its kind in that it fills the gap in the scientific data created by the absence of any investigation making a direct comparison between 2D-sonograhpic and true urine volumes. While most hospitals in the developed world now prefer to measure urine volumes with portable bladder scanners and 3D ultrasound devices, none of these technology are widely available in Bangladesh and other developing countries. Nonetheless, hundreds to thousands of ultrasound examinations involving the measurement of maximum cystometric capacity (MCC) and postvoid residue (PVR) of urinary bladder are done with 2D stationary ultrasound every day. Despite our clinical experience that these measurements are quite accurate and reliable, it was deemed essential to establish scientific evidence in its favour.
This observational study was done in the Dept of Radiology & Imaging at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh, during the period July – December 2014. 384 adult patients who came to BSMMU for ultrasound examinations were enrolled in this study and their true urine volumes were compared against that calculated using 2D B-mode ultrasound. The findings were analysed using two statistical approaches – correlation coefficient and limits of agreement. Calculation of the correlation coefficient was done so that the findings of this study could be compared with other relevant studies, most of which have used the correlation coefficient to assess the accuracy of the ultrasound equipment (3D or portable). However, Bland & Altman’s limits of agreement method is the standard statistical approach to assess agreement between two methods of clinical measurement, as determined by The Statistician, The Lancet and others.
Findings of this study show that bladder urine volumes measured by 2D B-mode ultrasound had high correlation (r = 0.96, 95% CI 0.955 – 0.969, P < 0.0001) and agreement (96.35%, LoA : -7.84 ± 53.05 mL) with true urine volumes. Sonographic urine volumes were accurate in both males and females, of all adult age groups and at all volume ranges including <100 mL.
Inhaltsverzeichnis (Table of Contents)
- Abstract
- Chapter One: Introduction
- 1.1 Background
- 1.2 Rationale of the study
- 1.3 Hypothesis
- 1.4 Objectives
- 1.5 Review of Literature
- Chapter Two: Materials and Methods
- 2.1 Study design
- 2.2 Study place
- 2.3 Study period
- 2.4 Study population
- 2.5 Sampling technique
- 2.6 Sample size
- 2.7 Selection criteria
- 2.7.1 Inclusion criteria
- 2.7.2 Exclusion criteria
- 2.8 Operational definitions
- 2.9 Equipment used
- 2.10 Data gathering instruments
- 2.11 Main outcome variables
- 2.12 Procedure
- 2.13 Statistical analyses
- 2.14 Statistical significance levels
- 2.15 Quality assurance strategies
- 2.16 Ethical measures
- 2.17 Study plan flow chart
- 2.18 Time table
- Chapter Three: Results
- Chapter Four: Discussion
Zielsetzung und Themenschwerpunkte (Objectives and Key Themes)
The main objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of using widely available stationary 2D B-mode ultrasound for calculating bladder urine volumes in a developing country setting, comparing it to the gold standard of catheterization. The study aimed to establish whether this readily accessible technology provides reliable results comparable to more specialized equipment.
- Accuracy of 2D B-mode ultrasound in measuring urine volume
- Comparison of ultrasound measurements with actual voided urine volumes
- Correlation between sonographic and true urine volumes across different demographic groups
- Assessment of the reliability of 2D B-mode ultrasound in various volume ranges
- Feasibility and cost-effectiveness of using 2D B-mode ultrasound in resource-limited settings
Zusammenfassung der Kapitel (Chapter Summaries)
Chapter One: Introduction: This chapter sets the stage for the study by outlining the background of urine volume measurement, highlighting the limitations of existing methods, particularly in developing countries like Bangladesh where access to advanced equipment is limited. It establishes the rationale for using readily available 2D B-mode ultrasound, states the study's hypothesis, objectives, and provides a review of relevant literature regarding ultrasound's role in bladder volume assessment.
Chapter Two: Materials and Methods: This chapter details the methodology employed in the observational study conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University. It describes the study design, participant selection criteria (inclusion and exclusion), data collection methods, the equipment used (2D B-mode ultrasound and measuring cylinders), statistical analysis techniques (Pearson's correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis), quality assurance measures, and ethical considerations. The chapter meticulously outlines the procedures followed to ensure the reliability and validity of the study's findings.
Chapter Three: Results: This chapter presents the findings of the study, detailing the correlation and agreement between urine volumes measured using 2D B-mode ultrasound and the actual voided urine volumes. It would present the statistical data, likely showing high correlation and agreement rates across various demographic and volume parameters, supporting the study's hypothesis. Key findings regarding accuracy across different age groups, genders, and urine volume ranges would be presented.
Schlüsselwörter (Keywords)
2D B-mode ultrasound, urine volume measurement, bladder volume, postvoid residual (PVR), maximum cystometric capacity (MCC), accuracy, reliability, developing countries, observational study, Pearson correlation, Bland-Altman analysis, cost-effectiveness.
Frequently Asked Questions: Comprehensive Language Preview
What is the main objective of this study?
The primary objective is to determine the accuracy of using widely available stationary 2D B-mode ultrasound for calculating bladder urine volumes in developing countries, comparing it to catheterization (the gold standard). The study aims to establish if this accessible technology provides reliable results comparable to more specialized equipment.
What are the key themes explored in this study?
Key themes include the accuracy of 2D B-mode ultrasound in measuring urine volume, a comparison of ultrasound measurements with actual voided urine volumes, the correlation between sonographic and true urine volumes across demographics, the reliability of ultrasound across various volume ranges, and the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of using 2D B-mode ultrasound in resource-limited settings.
What methods were used in this study?
This observational study, conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, employed specific study designs, participant selection criteria (inclusion and exclusion), data collection methods using 2D B-mode ultrasound and measuring cylinders. Statistical analysis involved Pearson's correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman analysis. The study also detailed quality assurance measures and ethical considerations.
What are the key findings anticipated (based on the chapter summaries)?
Chapter Three (Results) is expected to present a high correlation and agreement between urine volumes measured by 2D B-mode ultrasound and actual voided urine volumes. The data will likely support the study's hypothesis, showing accuracy across different age groups, genders, and urine volume ranges.
What is the study's structure?
The study is structured into four chapters. Chapter One provides an introduction and background information, including a literature review. Chapter Two details the materials and methods used. Chapter Three presents the results, and Chapter Four discusses the findings. The preview also includes an abstract, table of contents, objectives and key themes, and chapter summaries.
What keywords are associated with this study?
Keywords include: 2D B-mode ultrasound, urine volume measurement, bladder volume, postvoid residual (PVR), maximum cystometric capacity (MCC), accuracy, reliability, developing countries, observational study, Pearson correlation, Bland-Altman analysis, and cost-effectiveness.
Where was this study conducted?
The study was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University.
What type of study design was used?
An observational study design was used.
- Quote paper
- Muhammad Shoyab (Author), 2014, Determining the Accuracy of Urine Volume Calculations made by Stationary 2D B-Mode Ultrasonography, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.hausarbeiten.de/document/289001
