Extraction of Artemisinin from Artemisia Annua

Extraction of Artemisinin

Abstract
Malaria disease is endemic in least developed countries like Ethiopia. The rapid development of drug-resistant malaria parasite strain leaves the need for new effective anti-malarial drugs. Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone found in the leaves and flowers of plants Artemisia annua L and have different chemical structures and higher efficacy than others. The content of artemisinin is very small and from 0.5 to 1.2 % of dry weight of plants in Ethiopia. Extraction of artemisinin from Artemisia annua is mainly performed using hydrocarbon extraction processes. Extraction with Supercritical CO2, ethanol, ionic liquids, hydroflourocarbon HFC-134a and hexane extraction are extraction technologies and compared majorly in terms of their extraction efficiency, cost and drawback to environment. Since artemisinin is only present in the epidermis of the leaves, leaves were only washed on the outside by stirring appeared to be the most appropriate method and the first step in this research was solvent extraction using hexane. Step followed purify by repeated crystallization. Laboratory scale production data and procedures were listed for aremisinin extraction process. By using those data large scale production method was designed. And did material and energy balance calculations for large scale production process carried out by taking scientific approach followed by feasibility study. As a result my extractor was very large and it has 14.37m3 capacities it wasn’t found in market. So I designed the required larger extractor that should fulfill the target of the project i.e. with simple, rapid, cost effective, environmental friendly and practical method for the isolation of artemisinin from Artemisia annua. The design the extractor I used the optimum ratio between solvent and leaves, optimum extraction time, optimum extraction temperature and optimum design of the stirrer paddles. In these thesis work extractor design, skirt design, bolt design, reinforcement calculations, preliminary equipment design (sizing), economic analysis calculations were included. In the profitability analysis Return on investment, payback period and net present worth calculated and the project was checked its feasibility. The payback period is 1.22yrs and it is economically acceptable that means this market is promising in Ethiopia in addition to save millions of Ethiopian and African from killer malaria.
Key words: artemisinin, sesquiterpene lactone, hexane extraction

Inhaltsverzeichnis (Table of Contents)

• Acknowledgements
• Table of Contents
• List of Tables
• List of Figures
• List of Acronyms
• Abstract
• 1. Introduction
  • 1.1 Background
  • 1.2 Objective
    • 1.2.1 General objective
    • 1.2.2 Specific Objectives
  • 1.3 Scope of Study
• 2. Literature Review
  • 2.1 Essential oil utilization and application
  • 2.2 History of Artemisia annua L
  • 2.3 Artemisia Plant and Production
  • 2.4 Uses of Artemisia annua L
    • 2.4.1 Medicinal Uses
    • 2.4.2 Edible Uses
  • 2.5 Chemical Constituents of Artemisia Annua
  • 2.6 Physical and Chemical properties of Artemisia Annua
    • 2.6.1 Physical Properties of Artemisia annua
    • 2.6.3 Physico-Chemical Properties
    • 2.6.4 Over View of Artemisinin Oil
  • 2.7 Composition of Artemisinin
  • Benefits of Artemisinin
  • 2.8 Market Assessment
• 3. Process technology
  • 3.1 Technology choices
  • 3.2 Process description
    • 3.2.1 Artemisinin extraction by using hexane extraction process
  • 3.3 Process Flow Sheet
• 4. Materials and Methods
  • 4.1 General description of the study area
  • 4.2 Material Used
    • 4.2.1 Plant Materials
    • 4.2.2 Chemicals
  • 4.3 Laboratory Work
    • 4.3.1 Objective of the Laboratory
    • 4.3.2 Equipment Setup
    • 4.3.3 Laboratory Procedure
    • 4.3.4 Laboratory Findings
• 5. Large Scale Production
• 5.1 Comparison of Small Scale and Large Scale Processes
• 6. Material and Energy Balance
  • 6.1 Material Balance
  • 6.2 Energy balance

Zielsetzung und Themenschwerpunkte (Objectives and Key Themes)

This thesis aims to explore the extraction of artemisinin from Artemisia annua, a plant with significant medicinal properties. The study focuses on various aspects related to artemisinin extraction, including the history of the plant, its chemical constituents, and the development of extraction processes. Key themes addressed in the text include:

• The historical and medicinal significance of Artemisia annua
• The chemical composition and properties of artemisinin
• The development and optimization of extraction processes for artemisinin
• The comparison of small-scale and large-scale production methods
• The application of material and energy balance principles in artemisinin extraction

Zusammenfassung der Kapitel (Chapter Summaries)

• Chapter 1: Introduction: This chapter sets the stage for the thesis by providing a background on artemisinin, its medicinal uses, and the importance of its extraction. It outlines the general and specific objectives of the study, along with the scope of the investigation.
• Chapter 2: Literature Review: This chapter delves into the historical context and scientific literature surrounding Artemisia annua and artemisinin. It examines the plant's uses in traditional medicine, explores its chemical constituents, and discusses its physical and chemical properties.
• Chapter 3: Process Technology: This chapter focuses on the technological aspects of artemisinin extraction. It examines various extraction techniques, including the hexane extraction process, and discusses the process flow sheet for large-scale production.
• Chapter 4: Materials and Methods: This chapter outlines the materials and methods used in the laboratory study. It describes the study area, the plant materials and chemicals used, and the laboratory procedures followed for extraction and analysis.
• Chapter 5: Large Scale Production: This chapter explores the practical considerations of scaling up artemisinin extraction from a laboratory setting to a large-scale production environment. It compares small-scale and large-scale production processes, highlighting the challenges and opportunities associated with scaling up.
• Chapter 6: Material and Energy Balance: This chapter applies the principles of material and energy balance to the artemisinin extraction process. It analyzes the flow of materials and energy throughout the process, providing valuable insights into the efficiency and optimization of production.

Schlüsselwörter (Keywords)

The thesis focuses on the extraction of artemisinin from Artemisia annua, emphasizing the plant's medicinal properties, its chemical composition, and the development of efficient extraction processes. Key terms and concepts that are central to the work include: Artemisia annua, artemisinin, essential oil extraction, hexane extraction, material and energy balance, large-scale production, and medicinal properties.

Details

• College: Bahir Dar University (Bahir Dar University Engineering Faculity)
• Course: Chemical Engineering
• Grade: A
• Author: Seid Yimer (Author)
• Publication Year: 2008
• Pages: 83
• Catalog Number: V208617
• ISBN (eBook): 9783656361664
• ISBN (Book): 9783656362104
• Language: English
• Tags: extraction artemisinin artemisia annua