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Go to shop › Law - Miscellaneous

Doping: Evidences beside the Analytical Positive

Proof by any reliable means

Title: Doping: Evidences beside the Analytical Positive

Master's Thesis , 2010 , 42 Pages , Grade: B

Autor:in: Julia Neumann (Author)

Law - Miscellaneous

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Summary Excerpt Details

Unfortunately, sport nowadays does not always meet the idealized image of a clean competition. In too many cases, illegal performance enhancement, so called “doping”, plays a dominant role in sports. This development might derive from the circumstance that sport is rather a business than an individual endeavour and self-realisation. Enormous amounts of money are involved in hosting events and marketing of athletes. However, increased doping actions may also result from the development and availability of various technical possibilities for performance enhancement.
In the rather widespread field of doping, this paper focuses on the specific area of evidences on doping rule violations other than by so called “analytical positives”. This paper concentrates on circumstantial, non-analytical and evidence by longitude profiling. Concluding from the number of decisions, these forms of evidence play an important role in the conviction of doping infractions.
Circumstantial evidences, for example, inhabit crucial importance in cases where an analytical sample is not available. This refers to cases where, for instance, a doping offence is detected some time later and to cases where, with present laboratory techniques, the use of a substance or method in general is hard/ impossible to detect. Especially in the latter case, methods like longitude profiling of blood/urine may be more widely used in the long term.
However, in non-analytical cases, authorities have to face the challenge that the principle of strict liability is not applicable, as in cases where the use of a prohibited substance is proven by the positive result of analytical laboratory tests. In this circumstance, strict liability means that the proof of knowledge or intent to use the substance is redundant. Furthermore, questions arise when the burden of proof is fulfilled in case of a doping allegation, and when non-analytical and/or circumstantial evidences amount to a conviction. Partially, the referring answer is dependent on the distinction between the system of criminal law and classification of disciplinary rules as part of public law.
This paper will deal with these issues raised above standing. It will furthermore provide a critical analysis of selected decisions made by the International Court of Arbitration for Sport based on these special types of evidence. The paper, finally, will summarize difficulties and inconsistencies throughout the decisions, but also confirmations and similarities.

Excerpt


Inhaltsverzeichnis

Chapter 1 Introduction to Doping and Ethical Aspects of Performance Enhancement

Chapter 2 Types of Evidence: Analytical and Non-Analytical Methods

A. Analytical Evidence, the Positive and Strict Liability

B. Non-Analytical Evidence

I. Variety of Proofs

II. Lack of Strict Liability

C. Distinction of Direct and Circumstantial Evidence

Chapter 3 Analysis of Non-Analytical and Circumstantial Evidence Cases

A. Standard of Proof

B. Use of a Prohibited Substance or Method

I. Case Montgomery and Gaines

II. Case French

III.Case Pechstein

C. Trafficking and Possession

I. Case Wyper

II. Case Troy

III.Case Marinov

D. Attempt

I. Case Wyper

II. Case Troy

III. Case Gibilisco

Chapter 4 Conclusion

Zielsetzung & Themen

Die Arbeit untersucht die rechtlichen Herausforderungen bei der Verurteilung von Dopingverstößen, die nicht auf klassischen "analytisch positiven" Tests basieren, und analysiert, wie nicht-analytische und Indizienbeweise zur Beweisführung eingesetzt werden.

  • Rechtliche Grundlagen der Beweiserhebung im Anti-Doping-Kampf
  • Abgrenzung zwischen direkten und indirekten Beweisen
  • Kritische Analyse von Sportgerichtsurteilen (CAS) zu Indizienprozessen
  • Diskussion des Beweismaßes der "comfortable satisfaction"
  • Analyse von Fallbeispielen wie Montgomery, Gaines, Pechstein und Gibilisco

Auszug aus dem Buch

C. Distinction of Direct and Circumstantial Evidence

In the context of evidences on doping infractions, it is necessary to clarify some terminology, since particularly certain terms are referred to with varying meaning. The respective terms are “direct evidence” and “circumstantial evidence”. Regarding the field of doping, in literature they are used in connection with analytical and non-analytical proofs. However, both terms are not solely to be found within the field of doping prevention and violation, instead they are generally established in criminal and civil procedures:

Direct evidence supports the truth of an assertion directly without an intervening inference. It is provided by a testimony about a fact through a witness who observed it directly, or by the production of an object as an item of evidence for inspection by the court.

Circumstantial evidence, on the contrary, is evidence of facts or circumstances from which the existence of a fact or matter in issue may be logically inferred.

In a multitude of cases, these general definitions are congruent with the meaning of the terms regarding doping matters, where the term “direct evidence” is used synonymously for analytical, the term “circumstantial evidence”, on the opposite, for non-analytical evidences. This equation, however, does not comply in all cases. From longitude profiling, for example, only conclusions can be drawn. The long term profile gives an indication for blood or urine doping. Therefore, longitude profiling, although an analytical proof, is to be regarded as circumstantial evidence. On the other hand, some non-analytical proofs, as documents or statements, directly give evidence about an infraction, although named circumstantial evidence. To avoid any confusion, it hereby shall be clarified that in respect of this paper, the terminology commonly used in legal contexts shall apply.

Zusammenfassung der Kapitel

Chapter 1 Introduction to Doping and Ethical Aspects of Performance Enhancement: Dieses Kapitel führt in die Definition von Doping ein und erläutert die ethischen sowie rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen, unter denen leistungssteigernde Substanzen verboten werden.

Chapter 2 Types of Evidence: Analytical and Non-Analytical Methods: Hier werden die verschiedenen Beweismittel kategorisiert, wobei der Fokus auf dem Unterschied zwischen direkten analytischen Nachweisen und indirekten, nicht-analytischen Beweisformen liegt.

Chapter 3 Analysis of Non-Analytical and Circumstantial Evidence Cases: Dieses zentrale Kapitel analysiert anhand konkreter Sportgerichtsfälle, wie Indizienbeweise und nicht-analytische Nachweise unter Berücksichtigung des Beweismaßes juristisch bewertet werden.

Chapter 4 Conclusion: Das Fazit fasst die Schwierigkeiten zusammen, Dopingverstöße ausschließlich auf Indizien zu stützen, und betont die Bedeutung einer lückenlosen Beweiskette für die richterliche Überzeugungsbildung.

Schlüsselwörter

Doping, Anti-Doping, Beweisführung, Indizienbeweis, analytischer Nachweis, Sportrecht, CAS, Beweismaß, comfortable satisfaction, Strict Liability, Leistungssteigerung, Dopingverstoß, Urteilsanalyse, Sportgerichtsbarkeit

Häufig gestellte Fragen

Worum geht es in dieser Arbeit grundsätzlich?

Die Arbeit behandelt die rechtliche Problematik der Beweisführung in Dopingfällen, insbesondere wenn keine klassischen, analytisch positiven Labortests vorliegen.

Was sind die zentralen Themenfelder der Analyse?

Zentrale Themen sind die Abgrenzung von Beweismitteln, die Anwendung der verschuldensunabhängigen Haftung (Strict Liability) und die gerichtliche Auslegung des Beweismaßes der "comfortable satisfaction".

Was ist das primäre Ziel der Untersuchung?

Das Ziel ist es, kritisch zu beleuchten, wie Sportgerichte Indizien und nicht-analytische Beweise interpretieren, um Dopingverstöße zu sanktionieren.

Welche wissenschaftliche Methode wird verwendet?

Die Arbeit nutzt eine rechtswissenschaftliche Analyse von ausgewählten Präzedenzfällen des Internationalen Sportgerichtshofs (CAS).

Was wird im Hauptteil der Arbeit behandelt?

Der Hauptteil analysiert spezifische Fallgruppen, darunter den Gebrauch verbotener Substanzen, Handel und Besitz sowie den Versuch eines Dopingverstoßes.

Welche Schlüsselbegriffe charakterisieren die Arbeit?

Die Arbeit wird maßgeblich durch Begriffe wie Indizienbeweis, Beweismaß, Anti-Doping-Code und die gerichtliche Überzeugungsbildung definiert.

Wie bewertet der Autor die Bedeutung von Zeugenaussagen in diesen Fällen?

Der Autor stellt fest, dass Sportgerichte Zeugenaussagen und Geständnisse oft als sehr gewichtig einstufen, selbst wenn diese inhaltlich vage oder interpretierbar bleiben.

Warum war der Fall "Pechstein" für die Untersuchung so relevant?

Der Fall ist wegweisend, da die Verurteilung ausschließlich auf indirekten Beweisen durch langjährige Blutprofilanalysen basierte, ohne dass ein direkter analytischer Nachweis einer Substanz vorlag.

Welche Rolle spielt die "Strict Liability" bei nicht-analytischen Fällen?

Im Gegensatz zu analytischen Fällen entfällt bei nicht-analytischen Nachweisen der Vorteil der verschuldensunabhängigen Haftung, was die Beweislast für die Anti-Doping-Organisationen erhöht.

Excerpt out of 42 pages  - scroll top

Details

Title
Doping: Evidences beside the Analytical Positive
Subtitle
Proof by any reliable means
College
University of Auckland
Grade
B
Author
Julia Neumann (Author)
Publication Year
2010
Pages
42
Catalog Number
V163108
ISBN (Book)
9783640815081
ISBN (eBook)
9783640815395
Language
German
Tags
Doping Beweis Sport
Product Safety
GRIN Publishing GmbH
Quote paper
Julia Neumann (Author), 2010, Doping: Evidences beside the Analytical Positive, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.hausarbeiten.de/document/163108
Look inside the ebook
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Excerpt from  42  pages
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