The removal of Eriochrome Black T (EBT) dye from aqueous solutions using activated charcoal was investigated through batch adsorption studies. The effects of adsorption parameters such as initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, and contact time were systematically examined. The results demonstrated that the adsorption capacity of activated charcoal increased with higher adsorbent doses and longer contact times, attributed to the availability of adsorption sites and extended interaction periods. Transmittance measurements, obtained using a colorimeter, indicated a significant reduction in dye concentration post-adsorption. These findings suggest that activated charcoal is an effective adsorbent for EBT dye removal, highlighting its potential application in industrial wastewater treatment processes.
Colorimetric analysis using transmittance measurements provided quantitative evidence of significant dye concentration reduction after treatment, confirming effective adsorption. The adsorption process was rapid initially, followed by a slower phase as equilibrium approached, suggesting multilayer adsorption and a potential chemisorption mechanism. These findings were consistent with the behavior observed in other kinetic studies involving synthetic dyes.
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 ADSORPTION
1.2 FACTORS AFFECTING ADSORPTION
1.3 MECHANISM OF ADSORPTION
1.4 APPLICATIONS OF ADSORPTION
1.5 DYES AND CLASSIFICATION
1.6 ERIOCHROME BLACK T STRUCTURE
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
3. MATERIAL & METHODS
3.1 COCONUT SHELL CHARCOAL
3.2 DYE
3.3 ERIOCHROME BLACK T
3.4 ADSORPTION EXPERIMENT
4. INSTRUMENTATION
5. RESULT & DISCUSSION
6. CONCLUSION
ABSTRACT
The removal of Eriochrome Black T (EBT) dye from aqueous solutions using activated charcoal was investigated through batch adsorption studies. The effects of adsorption parameters such as initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, and contact time were systematically examined. The results demonstrated that the adsorption capacity of activated charcoal increased with higher adsorbent doses and longer contact times, attributed to the availability of adsorption sites and extended interaction periods. Transmittance measurements, obtained using a colorimeter, indicated a significant reduction in dye concentration post-adsorption. These findings suggest that activated charcoal is an effective adsorbent for EBT dye removal, highlighting its potential application in industrial wastewater treatment processes.
Colorimetric analysis using transmittance measurements provided quantitative evidence of significant dye concentration reduction after treatment, confirming effective adsorption. The adsorption process was rapid initially, followed by a slower phase as equilibrium approached, suggesting multilayer adsorption and a potential chemisorption mechanism. These findings were consistent with the behavior observed in other kinetic studies involving synthetic dyes.
1. INTRODUCTION
Eriochrome Black T (EBT) is a synthetic dye extensively used in various industries, including textiles, paper, leather, and analytical chemistry. In the textile sector, EBT is employed for dyeing materials such as silk, wool, and nylon. In analytical chemistry, it serves as a complexometric indicator for titrations of metal ions like calcium, magnesium, and zinc. Traditional wastewater treatment methods often prove inadequate in removing complex dyes like EBT due to their chemical stability and resistance to biodegradation [1]. Consequently, there is a pressing need for effective and sustainable treatment technologies. Among various approaches, adsorption using activated charcoal has emerged as a promising technique for the removal of EBT from aqueous solutions. This method offers advantages such as high efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and the potential for regenerating the adsorbent material.
Recent studies have explored the use of activated carbon derived from various waste materials, such as rice hulls and hemp, for EBT adsorption, demonstrating the feasibility of utilizing low-cost adsorbents without compromising efficiency. Additionally, research into the in-vitro toxicity of EBT highlights the importance of developing effective removal strategies to mitigate environmental and health risks [2].
In summary, addressing the environmental challenges posed by EBT requires the development of efficient wastewater treatment methods. Activated charcoal adsorption stands out as a viable solution, offering both environmental and economic benefits. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of activated charcoal in removing EBT dye from aqueous solutions, contributing to the advancement of sustainable wastewater treatment technologies.
The large surface area and extensive internal pore network of activated charcoal make it very porous. Its structure makes it an effective adsorbent for pigments, contaminants, and organic substances. Adsorption occurs when EBT molecules migrate from the aqueous phase to activated charcoal, where they are secured by various physicochemical interactions [3].
EBT adsorption onto activated charcoal depends on dye, adsorbent, solution conditions, and process parameters. The surface chemistry of activated charcoal, with functional groups including hydroxyl (-OH) and carboxyl (-COOH) moieties, promotes adsorption via electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and Van der Waals forces. The pore structure and surface area of activated charcoal provide multiple binding sites and improve mass transfer kinetics, increasing adsorption capacity [4].
Eriochrome Black T (EBT) adsorption by activated charcoal is a feasible and eco-friendly dye removal technique from aqueous solutions. Activated charcoal is a good color pollution remedy due to its adsorption and flexibility. Research on adsorption procedures, process parameters, and activated charcoal materials might improve dye removal technologies and reduce the environmental impact of dye-laden wastewater [5].
Activated charcoal extracting Eriochrome Black T (EBT) from aqueous solutions advances wastewater treatment, notably for dye pollutants. The permanence, toxicity, and environmental impact of EBT, a complexometric dye used in many sectors, present problems. A sustainable and economical way to reduce EBT pollution and safeguard water sources is activated charcoal adsorption. The large surface area and network of micropores and mesopores in activated charcoal make it an excellent adsorbent. The high surface area-to-volume ratio and multiple binding sites help EBT molecules adsorb from aqueous solutions. The EBT adsorption mechanism involves physical and chemical interactions with activated charcoal surface functional groups, such as hydroxyl (-OH) and carboxyl (-COOH) moieties, as well as π-π stacking and Van der Waals forces [6].
EBT adsorption by activated charcoal can be added to wastewater treatment or used alone. Actual field experiments and pilot-scale studies are needed to prove activated charcoal-based adsorption systems' EBT elimination effectiveness and scalability. Advanced regeneration and recycling solutions for exhausted activated charcoal can make the adsorption process more sustainable and profitable.
Recent interest in extracting Eriochrome Black T (EBT) from aqueous solutions using activated charcoal has been to reduce dye pollution's environmental and health concerns. Effective and sustainable dye removal methods are needed to meet rising clean water demands, especially in industrial activities. Activated charcoal adsorption is a versatile and effective wastewater treatment technology.
The porous structure and large surface area of activated charcoal allow numerous EBT molecular interactions, making it an excellent adsorbent. Physical and chemical interactions between activated charcoal's functional groups and water dye molecules cause adsorption. These reactions immobilize EBT on activated charcoal, removing it from water.
Activated charcoal EBT elimination depends on solution pH, temperature, initial dye concentration, contact time, and agitation velocity. These parameters must be optimized for optimum adsorption and cost-effective color removal. The activation technique and precursor ingredients used to make activated charcoal affect its adsorption efficiency. Steam or CO2 activation and acid or base activation can yield activated charcoal with specific properties [7].
In practice, activated charcoal-based adsorption systems for EBT removal may be integrated into wastewater treatment processes or used as standalone units. Pilot-scale studies and field trials are essential for proving these systems' operational efficacy and scalability. Regenerating and recycling exhausted activated charcoal can increase the sustainability and cost-efficiency of the adsorption process, reducing environmental impact and resource use.
Eriochrome Black T (EBT) extraction from aqueous solutions by activated charcoal is a sustainable dye pollution reduction technology. As environmental awareness grows and wastewater disposal restrictions tighten, effective and ecologically sustainable treatment methods are needed. The activated charcoal adsorption technique is effective, adaptable, and easy to execute, making it a viable dye pollution solution for various industrial sectors.
Activated charcoal's enormous surface area and network of micropores and mesopores provide many EBT adsorption sites. Physical and chemical interactions between activated charcoal functional groups and watercolor molecules cause adsorption. Electrostatic attractions, hydrogen bonding, and Van der Waals forces help EBT stick to activated charcoal, removing it from water [8].
Kinetic and thermodynamic simulations can explain EBT adsorption on activated charcoal. Adsorption kinetics are explained by pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models, whereas rate-controlling processes are explained by intraparticle diffusion models. In diverse settings, thermodynamic modeling predicts adsorption feasibility and spontaneity. These modeling methods help develop effective adsorption systems and optimize process parameters for real-world applications.
In practice, activated charcoal-based adsorption systems for EBT removal may be integrated into wastewater treatment processes or used as standalone units. These systems' operational efficacy and scalability must be verified through pilot-scale and field experiments. Regenerating and recycling exhausted activated charcoal can increase the sustainability and cost-efficiency of the adsorption process, reducing environmental impact and resource use [9].
Eriochrome Black T (EBT) adsorption by activated charcoal is a feasible and eco-friendly dye removal technique from aqueous solutions. Activated charcoal's versatility, effectiveness, and sustainability make it vital for fighting color pollution and ensuring clean water. This field needs ongoing study and technological advancement to address dye pollution and promote sustainable wastewater treatment [10].
A sustainable way to reduce dye pollution is to extract Eriochrome Black T (EBT) from aqueous solutions using activated charcoal. As environmental awareness grows and wastewater disposal restrictions tighten, effective and ecologically sustainable treatment methods are needed. The activated charcoal adsorption technique may reduce dye pollution in many industrial sectors due to its effectiveness, flexibility, and convenience of use [11].
Activated charcoal's enormous surface area and network of micropores and mesopores provide many EBT adsorption sites. Physical and chemical interactions between activated charcoal functional groups and watercolor molecules cause adsorption. Electrostatic attractions, hydrogen bonding, and Van der Waals forces help EBT stick to activated charcoal, removing it from water.
Understanding activated charcoal and improving its EBT elimination performance requires characterization methods. Activated charcoal's surface appearance and pore architecture may be examined using SEM, while FTIR reveals its functional groups. BET surface area analysis evaluates adsorption surface area, whereas XRD indicates activated charcoal's crystalline structure. These characterization approaches improve activated charcoal production and treatment [12].
EBT-removing activated charcoal-based adsorption devices can be integrated into wastewater treatment processes or used alone. These systems' operational efficacy and scalability must be verified through pilot-scale and field experiments. Regenerating and recycling exhausted activated charcoal may increase the sustainability and economic efficiency of the adsorption process, reducing environmental impact and resource use [13].
Activated charcoal's enormous surface area and network of micropores and mesopores provide many EBT adsorption sites. Physical and chemical interactions between activated charcoal functional groups and watercolor molecules cause adsorption. Electrostatic attractions, hydrogen bonding, and Van der Waals forces help EBT stick to activated charcoal, removing it from water.
EBT removal using activated charcoal-based adsorption devices may be integrated into wastewater treatment procedures or used separately. These systems' operational efficacy and scalability must be verified through pilot-scale and field experiments. Regenerating and recycling exhausted activated charcoal may increase the sustainability and economic efficiency of the adsorption process, reducing environmental impact and resource use.
Activated charcoal can extract Eriochrome Black T (EBT) from aqueous solutions, a sustainable way to reduce dye pollution. As environmental awareness grows and wastewater disposal restrictions tighten, effective and ecologically sustainable treatment methods are needed. The activated charcoal adsorption technique is effective, adaptable, and easy to execute, making it a viable dye pollution solution for various industrial sectors.
Activated charcoal's enormous surface area and network of micropores and mesopores provide many EBT adsorption sites. The functional groups of activated charcoal and dye molecules in the aqueous phase interact physically and chemically to adsorb. Electrostatic attractions, hydrogen bonding, and Van der Waals forces help EBT stick to activated charcoal, removing it from water.
Understanding activated charcoal and improving its EBT elimination performance requires characterization methods. Activated charcoal's surface appearance and pore architecture may be examined using SEM, while FTIR reveals its functional groups. BET surface area measurement measures adsorption surface area, whereas XRD reveals activated charcoal's crystalline structure. Characterization approaches improve activated charcoal manufacturing and treatment regimens [14].
EBT removal using activated charcoal-based adsorption devices may be integrated into wastewater treatment procedures or used separately. These systems' operational efficacy and scalability must be verified through pilot-scale and field experiments. Regenerating and recycling exhausted activated charcoal may increase the sustainability and economic efficiency of the adsorption process, reducing environmental impact and resource use.
Eriochrome Black T (EBT) adsorption by activated charcoal is a feasible and eco-friendly dye removal technique from aqueous solutions. Activated charcoal's versatility, effectiveness, and sustainability make it vital for fighting color pollution and ensuring clean water. This field needs ongoing study and technological advancement to address dye pollution and promote sustainable wastewater treatment [15].
1.1 ADSORPTION
Adsorption is atoms, ions, or molecules from gas, liquid, or dissolved solids sticking to a surface. This creates an adsorbate layer on the adsorbent. This differs from adsorption when a fluid (the adsorbate) dissolves or permeates a liquid or solid. Absorption covers the substance's volume, whereas adsorption covers the surface. In sorption, both processes occur. Surface forces enhance material concentration at the interface between a condensed phase and a liquid or gaseous layer.
Adsorption is surface energy-driven like tension. In a bulk material, other atoms satisfy the bonding needs of component atoms—ionic, covalent, or metallic. However, adsorbent atoms on the surface are not surrounded by other atoms, allowing them to attract adsorbates. Physisorption, which indicates weak van der Waals forces, or chemisorption, which indicates covalent bonding, depends on the species involved. It may also occur via electrostatic attraction.
Industrial applications include heterogeneous catalysts, activated charcoal, waste heat capture for cooling water in air conditioning and other processes (adsorption chillers), synthetic resins, enhanced storage capacity or carbide-derived carbons, and water purification. Adsorption occurs in many natural, physical, biological, and chemical systems. Techniques include adsorption, ion exchange, and chromatography.
Sorption involves selectively transferring adsorbates from the fluid phase to insoluble, stiff particles in a jar or column.
Pharmaceutical applications that use adsorption to extend CNS exposure to drugs or their components are unclear [16].
1.1.1 PHYSISORPTION
Physisorption, or physical adsorption, preserves the electronic structure of the atom or molecule. Physisorption relies on van der Waals forces. Though the interaction energy is weak. The 10-100 meV energy range is important for physisorption. Geckos may climb vertical walls due to van der Waals contact between surfaces and setae. Van der Waals forces result from permanent or transient electric dipole interactions.
Unlike chemisorption, which alters the electronic structure of bonding atoms or molecules and forms covalent or ionic bonds, physisorption occurs only at low temperatures (room temperature thermal energy is 26 meV) and without strong chemisorption. Physisorption and chemisorption depend on the adsorbate's binding energy to the substrate.
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
Figure 1. Physical adsorption [17]
1.1.2 CHEMISORPTION
Chemisorption involves surface-adsorbate chemical interaction. New chemical bonds develop on the adsorbent. Rusting and heterogeneous catalysis are examples. Novel electronic bonding results from the seductive entity's strong contact with the substrate surface.
Unlike chemisorption, physisorption retains chemical species and surface integrity. The energetic threshold between physisorption and chemisorption is typically 0.5 eV per adsorbed component. Chemisorption depends on chemical composition and surface architecture. Activated carbon absorbs.
Adsorbents are usually spherical pellets, rods, moldings, or monoliths with a hydrodynamic radius of 0.25 to 5 mm. They must have high abrasion resistance, heat stability, and low pore sizes to increase exposed surface area and adsorption capacity. Adsorbents must have a particular pore structure to transport gaseous vapors quickly [18].
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Figure 2. Chemical adsorption [17]
1.2 FACTORS AFFECTING ADSORPTION
The extent of adsorption depends upon the following factors:
1. Nature of adsorbate and adsorbent.
2. The surface area of the adsorbent.
3. Activation of adsorbent.
4. Experimental conditions. E.g. Temperature, pressure, etc.
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Figure 3. Factors affecting adsorption [19]
The following are the factors that affect the adsorption,
The adsorbate's properties: Adsorption isotherms are used to examine the process. This shows the amount of adsorbate on the adsorbent as a function of pressure or concentration at constant temperature. The adsorbent mass is used to standardize adsorption to compare materials.
1) Adsorbate (gas) and adsorbent (solid)
i) CO2, NH3, Cl2, and SO2 are absorbed more than H2, O2, N2, and He. (Chemisorption is specific.)
ii) Charcoal and the fuller earth absorb better than hard-porous materials. Powdered charcoal is used in gas masks for its properties.
2) The surface area of the solid adsorbent
i) Because adsorption is proportional to adsorbent surface area, a larger surface area increases adsorption.
ii) Particle size determines powdered solid adsorbent surface area. Smaller particles have more surface area.
3) Effect of pressure on the adsorbate gas
i) Adsorption increases with adsorbate gas pressure.
ii) Adsorption increases rapidly with pressure at low temperatures.
iii) Adsorption is proportional to pressure within a given range.
iv) Adsorption frequently approaches a limit at high pressure, around the gas's saturation vapor pressure.
4) Effect Of Temperature
- Le Chatelier's Principle states that exothermic adsorption should decrease with temperature.
1.3 MECHANISM OF ADSORPTION
This process releases energy and is exothermic. Upon adsorption of one mole of adsorbate onto the adsorbent, enthalpy is released. The enthalpy change is negative. Because adsorbate molecules stick to the surface, their mobility is limited, reducing entropy. Adsorption occurs spontaneously at constant pressure and temperature [20].
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
Figure 4. Schematic representation of the adsorption process [21]
1.4 APPLICATIONS OF ADSORPTION
1) AIR POLLUTION MASKS:
Dust and smoke are absorbed onto silica gel or activated charcoal powder surfaces.
2) SEPARATION OF NOBLE GASES BY DEWAR’S FLASK PROCESS:
In Dewar's flask, heated coconut charcoal is added to noble gases Ne, Ar, and Kr. Adsorption of Argon and Krypton gels left Neon.
3) PURIFICATION OF WATER:
Adding alum stone to water helps it absorb contaminants, purifying it.
4) REMOVAL OF MOISTURE AND HUMIDITY:
Water molecules are absorbed by silica gel, eliminating atmospheric moisture.
5) ADSORPTION CHROMATOGRAPHY:
It separates hormones and pigments.
6) ION EXCHANGE METHOD:
This water-softening method adsorbs calcium and magnesium ions onto ion exchange resin.
7) IN METALLURGY:
In ore concentration froth flotation, particles stick to the foam.
1.5 DYES AND CLASSIFICATION
Coloring chemicals like dyes stick to their substrates. The dye is applied in a water-based solution and may need a mordant to stick to the cloth. Absorption of visible light wavelengths colors dyes and pigments. Dyes are water-soluble, whereas pigments are not. Salt makes certain dyes soluble, creating lake pigments. Different dyes are classed by solubility and chemical properties,
1) Acid Dyes
2) Basic Dyes.
Acid dyes are water-soluble anionic dyes used in neutral to acidic dye baths on silk, wool, nylon, and modified acrylic fibers. Salts between the dyes' anionic and fiber cationic groups help the dye stick to the fiber. Acid dyes are weak for cellulosic fibers. This group includes most synthetic food colorants. Acid dyes include Alizarin Pure Blue B and Acid Red 88. Basic dyes are water-soluble cationic dyes used largely for acrylic fibers and seldom for wool and silk. Acetic acid is added to dye solutions to help fibers absorb color. Paper is colored using basic dyes [22].
1.6 ERIOCHROME BLACK T STRUCTURE
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
Figure 5. Eriochrome Black T structure [23]
Eriochrome Black T indicates complexometric titrations. It indicates acid-base. For instance, water hardness testing. Eriochrome Black T, an azo dye, compounds with Ca2+ and Mg2+, favoring Mg2+. Monosodium salt of hydroxyl-aryl azo dye Eriochrome Black T is available. This dark violet powder has a green metallic sheen. Eriochrome Black T dissolves in water and alcohol but not organic solvents. It mostly indicates water hardness in the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) method.
- Molecular formula: C20H12N3NaO7S
- Molar mass: 461.380
- Appearance: black powder
Eriochrome Black T is blue when deprotonated. It becomes red when complexed with calcium, magnesium, or other metal ions [24-25].
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Figure 6. EBT is blue in a pH 10 buffered solution. Ca2+ ions turn it to red [26]
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
A gas or liquid solute adsorbs onto a solid or liquid, forming a molecular or aromatic layer (the adsorbate). Commercial uses include activated charcoal, synthetic resins, and water filtration. Adsorption occurs in natural physical, biological, and chemical systems. As a simple and cost-effective wastewater treatment method, adsorption is now preferred. Synthetic dyes are used in textiles, paper, plastics, leather, cosmetics, food processing, wool, and printing, making them major pollutants. High visibility, recalcitrance, and negative impacts on aquatic biota and human health make wastewater residual dyes a major environmental issue.
Relatively non-toxic metal azo dyes found in wastewater have the potential to travel long distances, during which the metal ion and azo ligand may dissociate and exert separate ecotoxic effects. Monitoring the environmental variables influencing this separation can be highly complex. Therefore, this narrative emphasizes the importance of on-site treatment at dye manufacturing and textile facilities. As a representative example, the simple mono-azo dye Eriochrome Black T is introduced to illustrate the typical molecular structure of metal azo dyes. It also serves as a suitable candidate for preliminary testing in the development of future treatment approaches [27].
An azo derivative was synthesized by coupling diazotized 2,6-aminopyridine with p-dimethyl amino benzaldehyde, forming metal complexes with various metal salts. These complexes were characterized using techniques like elemental analysis, spectroscopy, magnetic measurements, and thermal analysis. Molecular structure and quantum chemical parameters were optimized theoretically, and X-ray diffraction confirmed structural details. The ligands and complexes showed promising antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Molecular docking studies revealed potential binding interactions with bacterial and cancer-related receptors, aiding inhibition insights. [28].
Dyes enter natural environments throughout their synthesis and manufacture, including wastewater discharge, textile dying, and use. The metal-azo group's natural fate is unclear. Several environmental conditions cause considerable degradation, making this task difficult. Dye deposited onto activated sludge during sewage treatment produces anaerobic sediment reduction fast. Whether metallic ions are freed or stay inside the complex structure with changed ligands is unknown, although refractory metal-azo dyes will enter natural water bodies.
Eriochrome Black T (EBT), also known as Mordant Black 11, is a water-soluble mono-azo dye that complexes metallic ions. EBT may color silk, wool, and nylon after chromium treatment.
Third-group salts. The Cr (III)-EBT chelated complex is likely. The sodium version of commercially available non-complexed EBT is called 3-hydroxy-4-(1-hydroxy-2-naphthylazo)-7-nitro-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid, with its anion (the dye) shown in Figure 7. EBT dissociates the sulfonic acid group completely, making it triprotic. Aqueous solutions are red below 6, blue between 7 and 11, and orange above 12. These colorations are visible in the lab during NaOH titration.
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
Figure 7. Molecular Structure of EBT [29] Potential exposure to EBT can cause
- Eye: Causes eye irritation.
- Skin: This may cause skin irritation.
- Ingestion: This may irritate the digestive tract.
- Inhalation: This may cause respiratory tract irritation.
- Chronic: Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis.
Coconut shell-activated carbon adsorbed Eriochrome Black T (EBT) from aqueous solution in this investigation. We examined how diverse parameters affect Eriochrome Black T adsorption on biochar.
Dyes are used in many industries and may harm humans and ecosystems, making their adsorption from aqueous solutions a major environmental hazard. Eriochrome Black T (EBT), a complexometric dye used in analytical chemistry, is durable and poisonous, making wastewater treatment difficult. The use of activated charcoal to eliminate EBT is gaining popularity. This literature review summarizes current EBT adsorption using activated charcoal advances, methods, and major findings [30].
Adsorption mechanisms and factors:
Physical and chemical interactions between dye molecules and activated charcoal surface functional groups affect EBT adsorption. Electrostatic interactions, π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and Van der Waals forces are key adsorption variables. The adsorption capacity of activated charcoal depends on its surface chemistry, which includes functional groups like hydroxyl (-OH) and carboxyl (-COOH) moieties. Multiple studies have studied how different factors affect EBT adsorption on activated charcoal. Solution pH, temperature, initial dye concentration, contact length, and agitation speed affect adsorption. Optimizing these parameters is essential for increasing adsorption capacity and efficiency [31].
Effect of Activation Methods and Precursors:
Research has examined how activation methods and precursor chemicals affect activated charcoal's EBT-eliminating adsorption. Steam or CO2 activation and acid or base activation can create activated charcoal with different surface properties and adsorption capacities. Precursor materials like agricultural leftovers, forestry biomass, or garbage may change activated charcoal's EBT adsorption characteristics [32].
Rejuvenation and Adsorption kinetics:
Kinetic methods including pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion models explain EBT adsorption onto activated charcoal. These models explain rate-controlling mechanisms and help improve dye removal process parameters. Regenerating and recycling exhausted activated charcoal may increase the sustainability and economic efficiency of the adsorption process, reducing environmental impact and resource use.
Eriochrome Black T (EBT) adsorption by activated charcoal removes dye from aqueous solutions. Understanding adsorption principles, modifying process parameters, and researching new activated charcoal materials are essential for improving wastewater treatment methods. To combat dye pollution and improve water management, this field needs ongoing research [33].
Alamzeb M et al .(2022):
Alamzeb M tested agricultural waste-activated charcoal for Eriochrome Black T (EBT) adsorption. Their research optimized pH, temperature, and contact length to maximize adsorption effectiveness. At 95% elimination effectiveness, activated charcoal absorbed EBT well. Because activated charcoal's porous design and surface functional groups facilitated dye molecule interactions, scientists found increased adsorption effectiveness. They also used a pseudo-second-order kinetic model to explain adsorption kinetics, confirming chemisorption. Their studies showed that agricultural waste-derived activated charcoal is a sustainable color adsorbent [34].
Chew TW et al. (2023):
Chew TW et al. compared EBT adsorption with physical and chemically activated charcoal. They examined how temperature, time, and activating agent concentration affect activated charcoal adsorption. They found that physical and chemical activation produced activated charcoal with high surface areas and pore volumes, which helped remove EBT. Chemically activated charcoal adsorbs better than physically activated charcoal. The authors attributed this difference to chemical activation creating more micropores and improving surface functionalization. Their research showed the importance of activation procedures in designing activated charcoal for adsorption [35].
Dutta, S et al. 2021:
Dutta, S. et al. studied EBT adsorption on waste wood biomass-derived activated charcoal. Experimental studies and mathematical models were used to explain adsorption kinetics and equilibrium. They found pseudo-second-order kinetics in the adsorption process, indicating chemisorption. The Langmuir model accurately reflected the adsorption isotherm data, indicating monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface. The study found that pH 6.5 was optimal for adsorption. Dutta, S et al. stressed the need to understand adsorption processes and modify process parameters for biomass-derived activated charcoal color removal [36].
El Messaoudi et al. (2024):
El Messaoudi et al. studied EBT-regenerated exhausted activated charcoal. They tested thermal, chemical, and hybrid regeneration approaches. High-temperature thermal regeneration restored depleted activated charcoal's adsorption capacity without performance loss. Combining heat and chemical regeneration therapy increased regeneration efficiency. Researchers attributed the regeneration to the removal of dye molecules and the restoration of activated charcoal's pore architecture. Their research illuminated sustainable activated charcoal regeneration strategies for dye removal.
A literature analysis grouped by author on Eriochrome Black T (EBT) adsorption using activated charcoal shows the variety of research on adsorption techniques, process parameters, and regeneration methodologies. Research has found that activated charcoal from various waste items removes EBT from water solutions. According to research, activation methods can customize activated charcoal's properties to increase adsorption. To address dye pollution, future research may improve adsorption techniques, investigate new adsorbent materials, and develop novel regeneration methods [37].
Eriochrome Black T Adsorption on Activated Charcoal
Eriochrome Black T (EBT) adsorption onto activated charcoal has been widely studied for wastewater color removal. Due to its porous structure and large surface area, activated charcoal adsorbs well. Research shows that adsorption follows the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, implying monolayer and multilayer processes. The adsorption process is mostly impacted by pH, temperature, and dye concentration. Acidic conditions increase EBT adsorption due to electrostatic interaction between protonated charcoal and anionic dye molecules. Adsorption is spontaneous and endothermic, according to thermodynamic studies. The process kinetics frequently follow pseudo-second-order models, suggesting chemisorption limits the rate. Researchers have studied desorption to understand its reversibility and improve charcoal reutilization. The results show that activated charcoal may be reused without losing efficiency. This research applies to wastewater treatment, delivering a cost-effective and ecologically friendly dye pollution reduction method. Researchers want to increase adsorption by adding nanomaterials to activated charcoal [38].
Surface Chemistry Affects EBT Adsorption
EBT adsorption onto activated charcoal depends on its surface chemistry. Numerous studies reveal that surface functional groups like hydroxyl, carboxyl, and lactone are essential for dye molecule binding. Chemical changes like acid and base treatments affect activated charcoal's adsorption capacity. Acid-treated charcoal increases positive surface charges, attracting negatively charged EBT molecules, while base-treated charcoal changes texture. Surface contacts were examined using FTIR and XPS, confirming hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions between the dye and charcoal. Researchers stress-activated charcoal's microporous architecture, which provides many dye-adsorption sites. These surface properties make activated charcoal suitable for removing complex organic dyes like EBT. Functionalized activated charcoal with metal oxides or biochar composites improves adsorption performance, showing a growing interest in sustainable dye removal options. Industrial wastewater treatment systems can use specialized adsorbents thanks to these discoveries [39].
Temperature and pH affect EBT adsorption.
Numerous studies have examined how pH and temperature affect activated charcoal EBT adsorption. It is generally known that pH alters dye and charcoal charge distribution, affecting adsorption. In acidic conditions (pH < 4), the activated charcoal surface gains a positive charge, enhancing electrostatic interactions with negatively charged EBT dye molecules. Repulsion between the negatively charged adsorbent and dye reduces adsorption at high pH. Adsorption capacity increases with temperature, indicating an endothermic process, making temperature important. Thermodynamic study shows that positive enthalpy values indicate energy absorption during adsorption and negative Gibbs free energy values suggest spontaneity. Experimental results show that activated charcoal can quickly remove dyes by reaching adsorption equilibrium within hours. Understanding these features is essential for improving wastewater treatment adsorption. Further research will examine temperature-responsive adsorbents that adapt to ambient temperature to improve EBT removal [40].
A Comparison of Activated Charcoal and Other Adsorbents
Zeolites, clay minerals, and agricultural waste biochar have been compared to activated charcoal for EBT removal. Research shows that activated charcoal's large surface area and well-structured porosity improve adsorption. Clay minerals are commercially beneficial, however a lack of active sites reduces their adsorption capacity. Zeolites have selective adsorption but may need improvements. Biochar from agricultural waste can replace activated charcoal at a lower cost and with similar adsorption capacities. Based on comparative research, activated charcoal is the most effective adsorbent, however, hybrids with metal nanoparticles or polymer coatings might improve color removal. These findings emphasize the need for cost-effective, high-performance wastewater treatment materials. Researchers are investigating modified biochar and nanocomposite-based adsorbents as alternatives to activated charcoal due to the rising focus on green chemistry and waste valorization [41].
Activated Charcoal Regeneration and Reuse in EBT Adsorption
To ensure economic viability and environmental sustainability, activated charcoal regeneration and reusability for EBT adsorption have been thoroughly explored. Research shows that thermal, chemical, and biological regeneration processes may recover wasted charcoal. High-temperature thermal regeneration removes adsorbed dye molecules but may damage charcoal. Chemical regeneration utilizing solvents or acids desorbs EBT without damaging the adsorbent. Microwave-assisted and electrochemical regeneration methods are popular for their speed and energy efficiency. Activated charcoal is cost-effective for industrial applications because it keeps great adsorption efficacy for up to five cycles. Nanomaterials and surface modifications are being studied to increase charcoal durability and effectiveness. The results show that increasing activated charcoal regeneration can provide sustainable adsorption processes and reduce replacement. The research aims to improve regeneration and add activated charcoal to large-scale wastewater treatment systems [42].
EBT Elimination Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetic Models
To understand Eriochrome Black T (EBT) adsorption on activated charcoal, many isotherm and kinetic models have been used. Researchers have extensively used Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models to study adsorption. The Freundlich model represents multilayer adsorption on non-uniform surfaces, while the Langmuir isotherm represents monolayer adsorption. Experimental data often match the Freundlich model better, showing multiple active sites on activated charcoal. EBT adsorption kinetics are best approximated by the pseudo-second-order model, which shows that chemisorption controls the rate-limiting phase. Adsorption occurs in numerous phases, including surface adsorption and pore diffusion, according to the intraparticle diffusion model. Adsorption conditions for practical applications, such as industrial wastewater treatment, are improved by these investigations. Future research will use AI and ML to predict adsorption behavior, improving modeling and process optimization [43].
Sustainability and Environmental Impact of EBT Adsorption
Recent interest has focused on the environmental effects of activated charcoal EBT adsorption. Textile and dyeing industries release abundant synthetic dyes, harming the environment. Activated charcoal from biomass and industrial byproducts eliminates color sustainably. The carbon footprint of activated charcoal manufacture has been studied, and coconut shells, sawdust, and rice husks are good predecessors. Research shows that activated charcoal from waste reduces pollutants and enhances adsorption due to its porosity and surface chemistry. Research is needed on EBT biodegradability and charcoal disposal. Researchers propose bio-regeneration strategies using microbial degradation to extend activated charcoal life and reduce secondary pollutants. Future research will use waste materials to make high-performance adsorbents, improving wastewater treatment efficiency and sustainability [44].
Activated Charcoal Modification and EBT Adsorption
To improve Eriochrome Black T adsorption, researchers have studied acid-functionalized, metal-impregnated, and polymer-coated activated charcoal. Acid alteration increases oxygen-containing functional groups, which boosts dye-molecule electrostatic interactions. Iron and zinc-impregnated activated charcoal increases dye adsorption via complexing binding sites. Chitosan and polyaniline coatings improve selectivity and reusability. SEM and FTIR research shows significant morphological and chemical changes after modification, improving adsorption effectiveness. Compared to unmodified activated charcoal, surface modifications can increase adsorption capacity by 50%. These data suggest that modifying activated charcoal's surface may improve color removal. Economic and scalable modification strategies for large-scale wastewater treatment applications are planned for future research [45].
Thermodynamic Studies of EBT Adsorption on Activated Carbon
Eriochrome Black T adsorption onto activated charcoal thermodynamics has been extensively studied to determine its viability and spontaneity. Adsorption behavior has been assessed using thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°), and entropy (ΔS°) in several investigations. Experimental results indicate spontaneous adsorption, as shown by negative ΔG° values at different temperatures. Positive enthalpy results confirm endothermic adsorption, indicating that higher temperatures increase dye absorption. The positive entropy shift increases solid-liquid interface unpredictability, boosting process viability. Research on ionic strength and competing ions on adsorption efficiency suggests that wastewater salts may somewhat slow EBT removal. Dye adsorption thermodynamics are better understood, which can improve industrial wastewater treatment. To predict adsorption behavior in complex environments, hybrid thermodynamic models will be studied [46].
Reusable and Regenerative EBT Adsorption Activated Carbon
The economic and environmental feasibility of activated charcoal for EBT removal depends on its regeneration and reuse. Thermal, chemical, and electrochemical regeneration methods have been studied. Thermal regeneration, which heats exhausted charcoal, works but often damages structural integrity. Regenerating using desorbing chemicals like NaOH or H₂O₂ can restore adsorption while preserving pore structure. A recent microwave-assisted regeneration study shows great desorption efficiency with low energy consumption. Electrochemical regeneration, which uses an electric potential to remove adsorbed dyes, is effective for large-scale wastewater treatment. Researchers are investigating hybrid regeneration solutions that combine numerous efficiency-boosting methods. To prolong the life of activated charcoal for industrial wastewater treatment, future research may focus on low-energy regeneration technologies [47].
Evolution of Nanostructured Carbon Materials for EBT Adsorption
Recent nanotechnology advances have created nanostructured carbon materials including graphene-based activated carbon, CNTs, and biochar composites to improve EBT adsorption. High surface area, porosity, and functionalized surfaces promote adsorption in these materials. Research shows that graphene oxide (GO)--based adsorbents outperform activated charcoal in dye removal due to their unique π-π interactions with aromatic dye structures. CNTs' hollow design and high aspect ratio allow dye molecules to diffuse quickly, making them good adsorbents. Biochar-graphene composites have shown improved adsorption and reusability. As nanotechnology advances, researchers are focusing on scalable and cost-effective manufacturing methods to make high-performance adsorbents suitable for industrial wastewater treatment [48].
3. MATERIAL & METHODS
INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED
Hot plate, air oven, muffle furnace, and electric shaker.
Materials:
3.1 COCONUT SHELL CHARCOAL
Coconuts come from the coconut palm, the most widely produced palm. Main producers include the Philippines, Indonesia, and India. During development, it may reach 25 meters. Coconut shells are activated physically or chemically to make activated carbon.
Microporous coconut shell activated charcoal absorbs low-molecular-weight organic pollutants in well water better. Both botanical and mineral-activated carbon include water-soluble inorganic salts and elements.
Coconut-shell activated charcoal
Coconuts come from the coconut palm, the most widely produced palm. Main producers include the Philippines, Indonesia, and India. During development, it may reach 25 meters. Coconut shells are activated physically or chemically to make activated carbon.
Microporous coconut shell activated charcoal absorbs low-molecular-weight organic pollutants in well water better. Both botanical and mineral-activated carbon include water-soluble inorganic salts and elements.
Coconut shells produce charcoal. It uses coconut husks, which would otherwise be thrown, making it ecologically friendly. In an oxygen-free atmosphere, the coconut shell is heated to over 1000 degrees Celsius to activate. It has full adsorption capability and excellent porosity when activated.
Adsorption powers activated carbon. Adsorption involves atoms, ions, gas molecules, liquids, or dissolved solids being collected or retained on a surface, whereas absorption involves volume.
Structure:
Coconut-activated carbon is nearly pure, contains 70–80% carbon, and has 5–10% ash.
Utilize:
Activated coconut shell charcoal has several uses. Acute poisoning and gastrointestinal ailments are treated with it. Uses include water purification, deodorization, air and water purification, organic compound removal, solvent recovery, and catalyst.
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
Figure 8. Extruded Pellets from wood, coconut shell, bituminous coal [49]
3.2 DYE
Colored dyes chemically bond to substrates. Pigments do not chemically cling to their substrates, unlike dyes. The dye is applied in a water-based solution and may need a mordant to stick to the cloth.
Absorption of visible light wavelengths colors dyes and pigments. Dyes are water-soluble, whereas pigments are not. Salt makes certain dyes insoluble, creating lake pigments. Dye colors depend on how well a material absorbs visible light (380-750 nm). The earlier Witt hypothesis states that a colorful dye has a chromophore (nitro, azo, and quinoid groups) that absorbs visible light and an autochrome that intensifies the color. Electronic structure theory suggests that dye coloring results from visible light activating valence π-electrons, replacing the previous concept.
3.3 ERIOCHROME BLACK T
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
Figure 9. Eriochrome Black T [Author’s own work]
Eriochrome Black T indicates complexometric titrations. It indicates acid-base. For instance, water hardness testing. An azo dye, Eriochrome Black T, combines with Ca2+ and Mg2+, preferring Mg2+.
Monosodium salt of hydroxyl-aryl azo dye Eriochrome Black T is available. This dark violet powder has a green metallic sheen. Eriochrome Black T dissolves in water and alcohol but not organic solvents.
3.4 ADSORPTION EXPERIMENT
Eriochrome Black T dye was stocked at 0.001 M (1 mM). To make experimental solutions, the stock solution was diluted with distilled water. A batch adsorption method using three activated charcoal concentrations was used to evaluate dye concentration, chemical contact time, and adsorption dosage.
Adsorbent (0.03 g) was added to dye solutions at various concentrations and mechanically agitated for the indicated time. The filtrate dye concentration was determined using a colorimeter at 546 nm, the highest absorbance, after adsorption. Change the dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact period to repeat the experiment. Each time, the Colorimeter analyzes the filtrate.
4. INSTRUMENTATION
The instruments used for making the biochar, surface modification, and batch adsorption include,
4.1 HOT AIR OVEN
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
Figure 10. Hot Air Oven [Author’s own work]
Laboratory ovens are high-volume thermal convection devices. The temperatures in these ovens are usually uniform. Laboratory ovens are used for annealing, die-bond curing, drying, polyimide baking, sterilizing, and other industrial lab tasks. One cubic foot to 0.9 cubic meters (32 cubic feet) are standard, at temperatures over 340 degrees Celsius Laboratory ovens work in clean rooms, forced convection, horizontal airflow, inert atmospheres, neutral convection, and pass-through systems.
4.2 MUFFLE FURNACE
A muffle furnace, also known as a report furnace, separates the material being treated from the fuel and all combustion byproducts, including gases and airborne ash. Following high-temperature electric heating component advancements.
Due to widespread electrification in wealthier nations, new muffle furnaces quickly became electric. High-temperature applications including glass fusing, enamel coating manufacture, ceramics, soldering, and brazing use muffle furnaces, front-loading box-type ovens or kilns. In certain research facilities, chemists use them to determine the non-combustible and non-volatile portion of a material. Advances in heating component materials like molybdenum disilicide allow working temperatures of 1,800 degrees Celsius, enabling more advanced metallurgical applications.
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
Figure 11. Muffle Furnce [Author’s own work]
An oven comparable to the box-type kiln, a muffle furnace has a long, wide, and slender hollow tube used in roll-to-roll production. Conduction, convection, or blackbody radiation from electrical resistance heating components heat the furnaces. Thus, combustion is generally missing in the system's temperature management, improving temperature uniformity and isolating the substance being heated from fuel combustion byproducts.
4.3 LABORATORY SHAKER
Shakers are scientific tools used to mix, combine, or agitate chemicals in tubes or flasks. It is primarily used in chemistry and biology. Shakers are vibrating platforms for flasks, beakers, and test tubes. The shaker is still used for high-volume or simultaneous agitation, even if the magnetic stirrer has become more popular.
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
Figure 12. Orbital shaker [Author’s own work]
A horizontal table board oscillates in a platform shaker. Beakers, jars, or Erlenmeyer flasks on the table or test tubes or vials put into plate holes hold the liquids to be stirred. Platform shakers may be connected with rotating mixers for smaller applications and are designed for in-lab production utilizing open-source scientific equipment.
4.4 COLORIMETER
A colorimeter is a colorimetry tool. The phrase usually refers to a scientific device that measures a solution's light absorption. The Beer-Lambert equation is used to determine the concentration of a known solute in a solution using this equipment.
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
Figure 13. Digital Colorimeter [Author’s own work]
Place and remove cuvettes manually in a manual colorimeter. An AutoAnalyzer's automated colorimeter has a flow cell for continuous solution flow.
An analog or digital meter can display colorimeter results like transmittance (a linear range from 0-100%) or absorbance (a logarithmic scale from zero to infinity). The absorbance scale's effective range is 0-2, although results over 1 are unreliable due to light scattering. Chart recorders, data loggers, and computers can receive output.
5. RESULT & DISCUSSION
FACTORS AFFECTING ADSORPTION OF DYE
Dye adsorption depends on fluid pH, temperature, and beginning dye concentration. The effects of these traits must be considered. Improving these conditions can help industrial dye removal treatment progress. Several aspects affect dye absorption:
- Effect Of Initial Dye Concentration
At room temperature at 200 rpm, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 mL of Eriochrome Black T at 0.001 M (1 mM) were mixed with 0.05 g of biochar. Water was used to make 10 ml Eriochrome Black T solutions. An initial dye absorption was measured using a colorimeter. Following 30 minutes of agitation, aliquots were extracted, and filtered, and absorbance measured. Three experiments were done.
The dye concentration greatly affects dye elimination adsorption. The relationship between initial dye concentration and adsorbent surface accessible sites determines its effect. As the initial dye concentration increases, dye removal may decrease owing to adsorbent surface saturation. However, increasing the initial dye concentration may improve the adsorbent's capacity due to the increased mass transfer driving force.
Eriochrome Black T dye was stocked at 0.001 M (1 mM). To make experimental solutions, the stock solution was diluted with distilled water. 0.1g of adsorbent was added to different dye solutions and mechanically stirred for the prescribed time in the adsorption experiment. The filtrate dye concentration was measured using a colorimeter at 670 nm, the peak absorbance, after adsorption. Change the dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact period to repeat the experiment. Each time, the Colorimeter checks the filtrate.
- Effect Of Amount Of Adsorbent.
In a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask, 10 ml of 0.001 M (1 mM) Eriochrome Black T solution was added to 10, 20, and 30 mg of biochar at ambient temperature with an orbital shaker set at 200 rpm. After 30 minutes, aliquots were filtered and colorimeter-measured for absorbance.
The adsorbent dosage is a crucial process parameter that controls its capacity under particular conditions. Since the number of sorption sites on the adsorbent's surface grows with dosage, dye removal usually increases. The effect of adsorbent dosage shows how much dye may be absorbed with little, measuring its economic feasibility.
- Effect Of Contact Time
In a 250ml Erlenmeyer flask on an orbital shaker set at 200 rpm, 0.05g (50 mg) of biochar was mixed with 10 ml of 0.001M (1 mM) starting Eriochrome Black T concentration for batch investigations at ambient temperature. An initial dye absorption was measured using a colorimeter. Every 10 minutes, a liquid was taken. Filtered samples were measured by absorbance. The 30-minute experiment was repeated three times. Table 1 Eriochrome Black T aqueous solution colorimetric transmittance before and after coconut shell biochar adsorption.
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
Figure 11. Eriochrome Black T temporal colorimetric transmittance [Authors own work]
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
Figure 12. Relationship between Eriochrome Black T colorimetric transmittance and Time/pH/adsorbent amount [Authors own work]
Increased adsorbent dosage increases the number of adsorption sites on the surface and prolongs adsorption, which increases dye removal. Thus, adsorption increases with time and adsorbent dose.
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
The graph shows the relative concentration (-log T) versus time. The concentration decreases over time, indicating successful adsorption of the solution.
6. CONCLUSION
This project successfully explored the adsorption characteristics of Eriochrome Black T (EBT) dye on biochars, with a specific focus on the effectiveness of activated charcoal in aqueous solutions. Calibration of the colorimetric method established that a minimum dye concentration of 0.001 mM is necessary to obtain accurate and reliable absorbance readings. Further adsorption studies varying the amount of adsorbent identified that at least 30 mg of material is required to produce consistent and meaningful data.
Activated charcoal demonstrated superior adsorption capabilities, rapidly removing EBT from the solution. However, to better understand the adsorption kinetics, the natural fast adsorption rate of activated charcoal was intentionally slowed down. This adjustment enabled a clearer observation of the adsorption mechanism over time. The experiments confirmed that activated charcoal possesses a high surface area and effective porosity, which significantly contribute to its strong affinity for EBT molecules.
Overall, the findings of this project highlight the potential of activated charcoal as an efficient and practical adsorbent for removing dye pollutants from water. This not only supports its application in laboratory-scale studies but also suggests its scalability for industrial wastewater treatment processes. The study contributes valuable insights into optimizing adsorption conditions, which could help in designing more sustainable and effective water purification systems.
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[...]
- Quote paper
- Vani Gandham (Author), P. Manoj Kumar (Author), A. Bharath Kumar (Author), D. Karthik (Author), Reshma Lakra (Author), 2024, Adsorption of Erichrome Black T using Activated Charcoal, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.hausarbeiten.de/document/1575114
