The essay will contain literature reviews and analysis of more than one case study, personal observations, and a suggestion for a different approach to aid the evolution process regarding the role of women in historical archaeology.
Gender archaeology, also known as Engendering Archaeology, is a field of study that aims to incorporate a comprehensive examination of gender dynamics in archaeological research. Traditional archaeological methods and interpretations have often overlooked or marginalized the roles and contributions of women in ancient societies, focusing primarily on male-dominated activities and artifacts.
Scholars have highlighted the need for a more inclusive and critical approach to archaeological research, one that challenges traditional narratives and incorporates diverse perspectives and voices, including those of women. Pioneering women in archaeology, such as Dorothy Garrod, Gerda Lerner, and Mary Beard, have made significant contributions to the field by shedding light on the experiences and contributions of women throughout history. By adopting a more inclusive and critical lens, archaeologists can uncover untold stories, challenge prevailing narratives, and gain a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of the past. This can be achieved through multidisciplinary approaches, diverse research crews, and exploring overlooked or marginalized landscapes.
GENDER UNCHAINED
Reviewing the role of women from 1900 to date in historical archaeology.
1: INTRODUCTION
1.1: Individual reflection
When I started this course, I wanted to learn what elements are holding back historical archaeology from doing away with biases and how it deals with that since 1900. Throughout the course, we covered various fascinating themes, such as rubbish archaeology and household archaeology. Because I want to know more about gender biases, I decided to focus my final thesis on gender archaeology. Being a black female archaeologist has been difficult for me. Because I come from a male-dominated African archaeology school of thinking and practice, I had to work more than my male counterparts to be regarded seriously. After graduating a while ago, I left the field because I did not see myself "licking boots," if you will, to go into research or even get a Master's degree in the area. That was undoubtedly not the ideal setting for me. I avoided archaeology for as long as I could, but I figured that Europe, with all its modern ideas, would be a good place to finally dive in. In all honesty, I still face the same struggles I faced back in Tanzania but in new guises. For example, I often feel overlooked, and some people do not see the essence of my contribution. Perhaps because of my African archaeology background, I would never know. That's why this topic is very personal to me. If the content of this essay ever reaches those young girls fresh out of high school from all over the globe who are interested in archaeology, I hope to see where they can play a part or contribute. This essay is to create awareness and inspire them. The essay will contain literature reviews and analysis of more than one case study, personal observations, and a suggestion for a different approach to aid the evolution process.
1.2: Overview
Over the last two decades, according to Charles Orser Jr (2010), historical archaeology has continued to grow and mature across the globe. He further stated that calls for archaeology to be a science of the modern world have pulled together international scholarship and have further opened up the broader processes of modernity to detailed study and comparison. He raised some concerns over struggles faced within the field concerning issues of scale, representation, complexity, and relevance. Also, differences in development and context. He said, the definitions and domains of historical archaeology hinder collaborations and considerations of what past and present is valid for study by historical archaeology. Although the international debate over these considerations has not improved, as Orser Jr seems to suggest, I think these concerns are a good place to start.
2: GENDER ARCHAEOLOGY
2.1: Introduction
Gender archaeology, or what Conkey and Gero (1994, pp. 143) called Engendering Archaeology, signifies the inaugural systematic endeavor undertaken by a collective of archaeologists to enhance their study by incorporating a comprehensive examination of gender, particularly concerning gender dynamics. Conkey and Gero are among many scholars who have observed that archaeology needs to improve in addressing gender-related matters despite the substantial body of scholarly work that has emerged in the previous twenty years within related disciplines such as anthropology and history. Perhaps, as a fresh-in archaeology student, it might come as a surprise without references; thus, revisiting and re-examining reports is essential to expose these gaps or biases.
2.2: Knowledge Gap
My preliminary literature review revealed a noticeable lack of information or, rather, a lack of balanced interpretations about women's roles, particularly in ancient times. According to Orser Jr, 2014, (p.18), gender roles and power dynamics shaped ancient civilizations' social and cultural fabric and called for reconsideration and rewriting traditional narratives. There are more mentions of women's roles in modern historical archaeology scholarship; however, scholars such as Margreth Conkey and Janet Spector were not satisfied with these mere mentions and openly stated that archaeology lacks an explicit framework for conceptualizing and researching gender. Thus, what remains is a utilization of a framework that is explicit to one's contemporary experience (Conkey & Spector, 1984, p. 2). Their comments came 14 years after the feminist approach picked up momentum. All these scholars have a point, thus I will further look at these issues, using these references and others in the following paragraphs so I can have something to discuss in the end.
3: PEELING OF THE LAYERS
3.1: Oversights
One common bias that can be well viewed using Rene Joffroy (1954) example is the assumption that women in prehistoric societies were solely engaged in domestic activities, overlooking their potential involvement in other areas such as warfare. One specific case study that overlooked women's role in ancient times is the excavation of the burial site at Vix, France. This site, discovered in 1953 by archaeologist René Joffroy, contained an elaborate grave of a high-ranking individual, commonly assumed to be a male warrior. However, it was revealed after further analysis and research that the buried individual was a woman (Rothe, 2021). The assumption of a male warrior was based on the presence of a bronze cauldron and weapons, which were traditionally associated with male roles in warfare.
Another bias is from a male-centric perspective that has dominated historical narratives.
Excavation largely focused on uncovering grand palaces, weapons, and other artifacts traditionally associated with powerful men and male warriors. A good example comes from renowned archaeologist Mark P. Leone, who deeply explained transformation-focus historical archaeology in his 1983 work "Historical Archaeology: And Reshaping the Myths of American Origins."Transformation-focus historical archaeology addresses social, economic, and political factors on a broad scale through historical events that changed human course and material culture. He mentioned examples such as excavations done by prominent archeologists, namely Stanley South, who excavated forts and other domestic structures, and he also exploited a lot of preserved documentary records focused on the English origin of the American identity (Leone, 1983, p.4). Similarly, Isaac Rhys's combination of ethnographic work with anthropological research titled "The Transformation of Virginia, 1740-1790"(Leone, 1983, p.13). Leone highly critiqued this side of historical archaeology, and some of the issues or problems with transformation-focused historical archaeology include the tendency to prioritize the study of elite or powerful individuals who mostly were men.
Similarly, historian Robert Johnson's studies on ancient Greece, specifically the Parthenon code from his (2004) work, largely overlooked the agency and influence that women held in shaping the political and social landscape of the time. First, his reference to the bible from the 50CE setting, which is mostly male-dominated, set the tone for his interpretation (Bible references-Johnson, 2004, p.271272). Reading the review of Robert's work by Nathan Albright posted in "A Historian's Eye View of the World"online journal in 2016 it exposed a very male-dominated Greek society through beliefs or idolization and actions, as I quote," The Greeks' devotion to Zeus proudly proclaimed that they had severed all ties to Noah and his God. The sculptors of the Parthenon seem to be perceived as men who have been trying to hide the fact that they accidentally buried Noah, his God, and their spiritual children beneath their marble heroes and gods "sums up the all-male front row. The problem with religious frameworks is that they rely heavily on texts, which are plenty available and mostly talk about stories of men. These oversights are not merely coincidental but reflect a broader pattern of neglecting women's agency and relegating them to secondary roles in historical narratives.
The burned edges of the social theory. This approach recognizes that gender is not the only social category that shapes individuals' experiences and identities and tends to focus mainly on matter of race and class.,a great example is from Charles Orser Jr.'s 2014 work titledA Primer on Modern World Archaeology. The Irish example he illustrated while describing 1800s Ireland, he categorized the artifacts according to social class as I quote," When combined with evidence from other contemporary sites in County Roscommon, County Sligo, County Donegal, and elsewhere in County Roscommon, our archaeological findings show that the families obtained numerous refined ceramics made in England, despite the widespread perception that they were merely "peasants." (Orser Jr's 2014, pp.11) then he went on to explain about Irish peasant life at the time and expanded on the Irish materiality aspect regarding Irish identity abroad particularity the United States at the time. The category placed on the artifacts for interpretation based on social class and not necessarily gender hinders dissecting each participant within the strata.
3.2: Culture contact approaches based on ancient literary sources.
The network approach used in ancient culture contact trade claims often refers to ancient textual sources that described journeys made by man to far lands. During my recent research about the Roman connection on the Swahili coast in between 100BCE to 400CE, I repeatedly encountered references from Ptolemaeus, Geography, Books 2-6.11 written by Claudius Ptolemy (ca 87-150 AD), Pliny the Elder (ca 1AD-100AD) and The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (ca 1AD±100AD) (Casson, 1980; Bita et al., 2022). The general assumption from this Swahili-Roman connection is that women were less likely particiapts in the movements rather they staged up on shores waiting.
3.3: White-male dominated field.
I wanted to be open with this statement because archaeologists come from different landscapes and ethnicities; however, google helped cement my view. When I googled names of historical archaeologists in the 20th century, I was met with several male figures who are highly considered and respected in the discipline (See figure 1 below) and names such as Conkey or Lerner were not on the list. Reilly (2022) wrote a book called The Archaeology of Whiteness; he was referring to racial representation and lack of diversity, probably won’t be surprised by these google results.
Illustrations are not included in the reading sample
Figure 1 shows results from Google’s search of 20th century historical archaeologists
3.4: Summary
A summary of what scholars highlighted and my observation as the main reasons for the case were as follows: Firstly, traditional archaeological methods often prioritized the recovery of large, visually impressive artifacts and structures, such as monumental architecture or weapons, which were associated with male-dominated activities. Societal attitudes and gender norms influenced the interpretation of archaeological finds, with many scholars assuming that women primarily occupied domestic roles and, therefore, their contributions were not deemed as significant or worthy of study. Additionally, white-male domination within the historical archaeology discourse.
4: THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN ARCHAEOLOGY
4.1: Trailblazers
The use of a feminist approach in archaeology began to gain traction in the 1970s, as scholars started to question the traditional narratives and interpretations that had been dominant in the field. As we have seen from the previous paragraph, in the early 20th century, men dominated all aspects of archaeology, and few questions were asked about the role of women. The contributions of pioneering women like Dorothy Garrod (1892-1968), who specialized in the Paleolithic period, were barely recognized, and their stories received more scrutiny also because she was operating in a period where women didn't have a voice. She was the first archaeology professor at Cambridge and the first archaeology researcher to have all women crew members. She was consistent and resilient in ensuring women's voices were heard (Davies & Charles, 1999; Smith, 2009, 2000; Bar-Yosef & Callander, 2006). She made a lot of noise, which opened the door to what we now call gender archaeology.
Such noise continued to make way, and attempts from some notable names and their influential works acquired recognition. For instance, Joan Wallach Scott's groundbreaking book "Gender and the Politics of History" (1988, cited in Kerber, 1991, P.91-94) challenged traditional historical narratives by highlighting the significance of women in shaping societies. Similarly, Gerda Lerner's extensive research, particularly her book "The Creation of Patriarchy" (Cited in Torben Hviid Nielsen, 1987), explored the origins of male dominance and the subordination of women throughout history. Mary Beard's "Women & Power: A Manifesto" (1955, re-print, 2017, also found in all libraries across the Netherlands), delved into ways in which women's voices and contributions have been marginalized and silenced in public discourse. Recently, Archaeologists such as Wall 1994; Seifert 1991; Wilkie 1996 and 2000 were some of the first to write in-depth case studies about the archaeology of gender, sexuality and children.
Zooming on Gerda Lerner's contribution, in particular, a pioneering feminist historian, she has conducted extensive research and case studies that shed light on the role of women in history. One of her notable works is the exploration of ancient Mesopotamia (3100 B.C. to about 600 BC), where she analyzed various artifacts and texts to uncover the experiences and contributions of women in that society. Lerner examined clay tablets and cuneiform inscriptions, deciphering them to reveal the existence of women's economic activities, legal rights, and even their involvement in religious rituals. She highlighted how women played crucial roles as priestesses, traders, and laborers, challenging the prevailing notion that women in ancient Mesopotamia were confined to domestic spheres. Lerner's research shed light on women's agency and influence in that civilization, debunking stereotypes and expanding our understanding of the ancient world.
Other scholars that I uncovered through my search that made enough noise about the issue of gender and representation include some prominent historical archaeology scholars such as Joan M. Gero, who co-edited the book "Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory," (1991) which explores the gendered aspects of archaeological research. Mary C. Beaudry has written extensively on the archaeology of gender and women's history. Her report titled Findings: The Material Culture of Needlework and Sewing (2006) delved into women's everyday lives through the lens of their needlework. Theresa Singleton, whose book "The Archaeology of Mothering: An African-American Midwife's Tale" (1985, Cited in Fennell, 2011), focused on the experiences of African-American midwives and their contributions to healthcare and community-building.
4.1: Re-writing Graeco-Roman times.
Dillon, 2016 wrote extensively in his book calledWomen's Ritual Competence in the Greco-Roman Mediterraneanseveral case studies that explored the diverse aspects of women's participation in rituals during the ancient Greco-Roman period. These case studies shed light on the complexities of women's roles, agency, and religious practices within this cultural context. One such case study examined the religious ceremonies and rituals performed by priestesses in ancient Greece, delving into their training, responsibilities, and the significance of their roles in the religious landscape. Another case study explored the cult of Isis in the Roman Empire, focusing on how women engaged with the cult and the ways in which it provided them with a sense of empowerment and community.
These case studies collectively provide a nuanced understanding of women's diverse experiences and agency in the ancient Greco-Roman period.
The role of women in that book showed the complex and multifaceted nature of their lives. Through the characters of strong and independent women, Dillon succeeded in highlighting their struggles against societal expectations and their determination to break free from traditional gender roles. These portrayals showed theresilienceof women in the ancient world, challenging the notion that they were passive participants in history.
4.3: Gender Unchained Discussion
The use of a critical perspective allows the writers to put forth novel conceptual frameworks for understanding social dynamics across various archaeological settings (Leone, 1987). Perhaps this is what Spector and Conkey were referring to in 1984. Critical perspective the disparities between archaeological data sets and anthropological models, interrogating the underlying assumptions that promote the homogenization of gender and redefine fundamental human establishments, uncover the multifaceted nature of historical societies and lived encounters throughout various temporal and spatial contexts.
Ethnographic models have given space to gender roles being redefined; however, archaeological interpretation relies heavily on anthropological data, which is mostly male-chauvinistic (Isaac, 1978a, p. 102, cited in Conkey and Spector, 1984). Thus, it leaves almost no room for ethnographic models to be tested for the formation of a complete gender-based theory (Conkey, 2003, p.877).
4.4: In a Nut Shell
These scholars, along with many others, have shed light on the often-overlooked stories of women throughout history. Their research challenges the dominant narratives and offers a more inclusive and accurate understanding of the past. Their work has paved the way for future generations to continue uncovering untold stories and honoring the legacies of forgotten women. By challenging traditional perspectives and delving into the origins of male dominance, they have paved the way for a more inclusive and comprehensive understanding of history that incorporates the experiences and contributions of women.
5. CONCLUSION
5.1: Inference
Through analyzing the literature on gender-focused archaeological research, few case studies were critically analyzing of women’s role (challenging traditional roles, society expectations) in our history and others were focused in describing the role of women in our history. The two need to combine to get real women story because I think in a society there women who challenge traditional roles and equalize the playing field those who embrace their traditional roles, but both are powerful in their positions of influence.
5.2: Part I Agreement: individual reflection
I agree with scholars who think that adopting a more inclusive lens, such as diversifying the field research crew and topics, will promote a more comprehensive understanding of history. Including women from diverse backgrounds and perspectives (just like Dorothy Garrod) in our field of research means different insights and interpretations would be brought to the table, enriching our understanding of events and cultures (Just like Gerder Lerner). I also agree with those scholars who think adopting a critical lens (Just like Mark Leone), a workable framework as Conkey and Spector were concerned about, would be attained. I, personally, will expand the scope of research to include overlooked or marginalized landscapes; untold stories of women can challenge the prevailing narratives that often center on dominant groups. It helps in moving away from a limited and biased understanding of history, getting a more accurate representation.
5.3: Part II Proposal
My women and prehistory bias counter research:
Case study:"Exploring the Gendered Dimensions of Ancient Burial Practices: Unveiling Insights into Historical Societies and Contemporary Perceptions"
Research question: How did gender roles and identities evolve in ancient societies, and what factors shaped them?
Period:The Bronze Age.Consists of significant cultural and technological advancements. By focusing on burial practices during this era, we can delve into the intricate web of social, cultural, and religious factors that influenced the construction of gender roles and identities. Through a multidisciplinary approach combining archaeology, anthropology, and gender studies, this study aims to unveil the complex and often overlooked nuances of gender in ancient societies. By doing so, I hope to challenge preconceived notions and expand our understanding of gender, both in the past and present.
Two site locations:KermaOne ancient city that thrived during the Bronze Age period in Africa is the city of Kerma. Located in present-day Sudan, Kerma was the capital of the Kingdom of Kush and flourished from around 2500 BCE to 1500 BCE.Most studies done about Kerma are from foreign European decent researchers and not gender focus. The second is Caral.Located in modern-day Peru, Caral is considered one of the oldest cities, dating back to approximately 2600 BCE. Because these two sites are far away from each other, it would be nice to compare data and come with a valid conclusion.
Research crew:Womenfrom diverse backgrounds and perspectives.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Bita et al., (2022). Sociocultural and economic aspects of the ancient Roman reported metropolis of Rhapta on the coast of Tanzania: Some Archaeological and historical perspectives, International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics (IJEGEO), 10(1):028- 040, doi. 10.30897/ijegeo.1119368
Beaudry, M. C. (2006).Findings: The Material Culture of Needlework and Sewing. Yale University Press. http: //www.jstor.org/stable/j .ctt 1bh4br8
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Frequently asked questions
What is the main topic of "GENDER UNCHAINED"?
The text reviews the role of women in historical archaeology from 1900 to the present, addressing gender biases and oversights in the field.
What is the author's personal motivation for exploring this topic?
The author, a black female archaeologist with experience in African archaeology, has faced gender biases and marginalization in the field, making this topic personally relevant.
What are some of the concerns raised about historical archaeology?
Concerns include issues of scale, representation, complexity, relevance, and differences in development and context, which hinder collaborations and the consideration of valid past and present study topics.
What is gender archaeology?
Gender archaeology is a systematic endeavor to enhance archaeological studies by incorporating a comprehensive examination of gender dynamics, particularly concerning gender.
What knowledge gap does the author identify in gender archaeology?
The author identifies a lack of balanced interpretations about women's roles, particularly in ancient times, despite scholarly work in related disciplines.
What is the Vix burial site example used to illustrate?
The Vix burial site excavation highlights the assumption that women in prehistoric societies were solely engaged in domestic activities, overlooking potential involvement in other areas such as warfare.
What is transformation-focused historical archaeology, and what are its limitations?
Transformation-focused historical archaeology addresses social, economic, and political factors on a broad scale through historical events and material culture. However, it tends to prioritize the study of elite or powerful individuals, often men.
What is the issue with culture contact approaches based on ancient literary sources?
These approaches often rely on ancient texts that primarily describe journeys made by men, assuming that women were less likely participants in these movements.
What is meant by the "white-male dominated field" statement?
The author argues that historical archaeology is perceived as a white-male dominated field based on google searches and the lack of names of prominent females who have contributed.
Who are some of the trailblazers in feminist archaeology mentioned in the text?
Some trailblazers include Dorothy Garrod, Joan Wallach Scott, Gerda Lerner, Mary Beard, Joan M. Gero, Mary C. Beaudry, and Theresa Singleton.
How did Gerda Lerner contribute to understanding women's roles in history?
Gerda Lerner's research, particularly her exploration of ancient Mesopotamia, revealed women's economic activities, legal rights, and involvement in religious rituals, challenging the notion that they were confined to domestic spheres.
What is "Gender Unchained Discussion" about?
Critical perspective on the disparities between archaeological data sets and anthropological models, interrogating the underlying assumptions that promote the homogenization of gender and redefine fundamental human establishments.
What is the proposed case study and its objectives?
The proposed case study is titled "Exploring the Gendered Dimensions of Ancient Burial Practices: Unveiling Insights into Historical Societies and Contemporary Perceptions," focusing on the Bronze Age burial practices in Kerma and Caral to understand the evolution of gender roles and identities.
Why did the author propose Kerma and Caral as site locations?
Kerma is a city that thrived during the Bronze Age period in Africa. Caral is a located in modern-day Peru, and is considered one of the oldest cities. Because these two sites are far away from each other, it would be nice to compare data and come with a valid conclusion.
- Quote paper
- Christina Feza (Author), 2024, Gender unchained. Reviewing the role of women from 1900 to date in historical archaeology, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.hausarbeiten.de/document/1493179