1 Contents

1  Contents  3

2  Introduction  4

3  The immigration of German Jews  4

3.1  Reasons for German Jews to emigrate  5

4  Gaining a foothold in the New World  6

4.1  Earning money for the daily life  6

4.1.1  Resourceful ideas and know-how leads to success  7

4.2  First steps in politics  8

4.3  Old religion in the New World  9

4.3.1  A family in the New World  10

4.3.2  Reforming steps in the Old World  11

4.3.3  Reforming steps in the New World  12

5  Bibliography  14

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2 Introduction

About three percent of the population in the United States of today are Jews. Their home is America and they fell and act as Americans. Most of them are descendants of European emigrants who came to America in the mass migration in the first half of the 19 ^th century. Today, scarcely anybody thinks about those days and even worse, many people hardly know anything about it. Well, it was not a long period of time in which the mass migration took place. It only covers about fifty years; yet, fifty important years. Those were the years, when the cornerstone of the Jewish history in America was laid. A history, different to Jewish histories in other countries. In the United States of America, Jews have never been discriminated nor persecuted. They had the same chances than every Gentile in America.

This paper shows how the Jewish immigrants gained a foothold in America between the early years of the 19 ^th century and the beginning of the Civil War. Jewish immigrants arrived in America without any money in their pockets. Yet, they had the hope to find a better life in this ‘golden country’. In the following it will be discussed how German Jews in America succeeded in business life and politics, and how they dealt with their religion in a country that did not put up any restrictions on them. This paper looks more on the general history. Although a history is always the history of people, it was avoided to tell the history of single persons because it would exceed the limit of this paper. Yet, sometimes the life of some people are given as examples.

3 The immigration of German Jews

The first recorded arrival of Jews in North America was in September 1654. Twenty-three Jewish refugees from Recife (in those days called Pernambuco) landed in New Amsterdam. However, this arrival was not planned. Their original destination had been the islands of the Caribbean, but they had not been allowed to remain there by the Spains. So they were forced to continue their journey on the Ste. Catherines. Finally, after the Jews had ran out of money, the captain

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landed in New Amsterdam in order to sue his passengers. However, after having written several letters to Holland, Peter Stuyvesant, the governor of New Amsterdam, received the permission for the twenty-three Jews to stay. Since this day, more and more Jews immigrated to North America. Yet, this was almost an immigration of individuals and isolated families, all with individual reasons to emigrate. However, this changed in 1836. In that year, the first mass migration from Western and Central Europe to America started. It was “a movement of whole families and groups of families, from a single locality or country, owing to influences which affect an entire community, and the individual through the community“ (GLAZER 1957:23). In 1820, there lived only about 3,500 Jews in the United States. Yet, due to immigration the Jewish population grew steadily. In 1840, it was estimated at 15,000, in 1850 at 50,000, 150,000 in 1860, and 250,000 in 1880.

3.1 Reasons for German Jews to emigrate

The situation of the Jews in Germany, especially in the southern parts of the country, was depressing. A specific part of the Jewish community, artisans and merchants, petty traders and cattle dealers, suffered under a load of restrictions and special taxes. As if this was not enough, Bavaria disposed over the family planning of Jews. Only by the death or removal of one Jew, a child was allowed to be born. Moreover, the number of Jewish marriages was limited by law. Jews who wanted to marry had to leave Bavaria. These factors led to the obvious choice: emigration. Many Europeans had read guide- and travel books about America. Letters of emigrated friends and family members where read and discussed. These facts brought America closer to Europe - at least in the heads of the Europeans. By then, emigration was even affordable for everyone. Steamships started to compete and railroads were build, which lowered the prices. Emigration seemed not abstract and impossible anymore. In fact, these conditions led to a continual and steady movement of German Jews to America. Only in the last decade of the 19 ^th century did the movement start to cease. Yet, it were not only German Jews that immigrated to America in these days. Also Jews from countries under German influence (both culturally and linguistically),

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