Academic Writing - Student Term Papers - Structure, Introductions, Conclusions

Content

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I.

II. Prerequisites

III. Analysis

IV. Discussion of Examples

V. Conclusion

VI. Bibliography

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I. Introduction

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II. Prerequisites

2.1. Data

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2.2. Methods

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III. Analysis

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3.1. General Structure

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3.2. Introductions

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V. Conclusion

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VI. Bibliography

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Appendices

Appendix A

Specific Demands on Structure and Content by Instructors

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Appendix C - Introductions of Selected Student Term Papers

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I. Introduction

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(1) Morphology is the study of morphemes - the smallest meaningful unit into which a word can be

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them to British or American English. Small differences to either variety exist - in those cases, however, these do conform to the other variety. As Millard puts it: "The morphology and syntax of Canadian English is for all practical purposes identical to that of American English. At least some Canadians follow British practice..." Görlach says: "Morphology is ... identical in British and American English. There are no features that could count as Canadianisms. The same is true in the field of syntax." This becomes plausible if we look at the settlement history and Canada's relations to Great Britain and the United States. According to the "loyalist theory" those "Americans" who backed the British in the American Revolution left the country for England, the West Indies or Canada. The latter settled in the area of today's Ontario. They had a great influence on the development of modern Canada, and their speech became the basis for what today we call General Canadian - the speech of the urban middle class. Canada is also a member state of the Commonwealth which is still headed by the Queen of England. The use of British English was for a long time, and in some places still is today, associated with higher education and social status. It is also a means of NOT sounding American. On the other hand, at Canadian schools and universities many American grammar- and textbooks, dictionaries etc. are used, and Canada is very much exposed to American television- and radio

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programs and the American print media. "Until recently most of the books Canadians read were

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American or British, and the grammar and spelling reflect that."

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(3) The following paper is an analysis of the part of the (4) Survey of Canadian English that is

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concerned with morphology and syntax. The methods I used do not conform with those of a statistician since neither did I have all the necessary information to do that nor am I trained well enough in the field of statistics. Nevertheless, I am certain that the (5) results will give the reader a general idea of the English spoken in Canada. One can also draw conclusions of the development of English spoken in Canada.

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I. Introduction

(1) In his novel Midnight's Children Salman Rushdie dedicates one chapter completely and

HVWDEOLVKLQJ

exclusively to nature. Although "natural" items like trees, lakes, animals and mountains do occur in

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other chapters, too, "The Sunderbans" is the only one in which he portraits nature as an uncivilized,

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uncolonized jungle - a conscious being representing nature in the sense of "the natural world as it

ILHOG

exists without man or his civilisation."

EDFNJURXQG

(2) Rushdie, of Indian origin and a British citizen, implements his thoughts about the man-nature

RQDXWKRUERRN

relationship in this one chapter of his 1981 novel, in which many problems of all aspects of life are fictionalised and incorporated in the story of Saleem's life. Due to his connections to the mothercountry and its former colony, his viewpoint is broadened and, in a way, it authorises his writing about the contrasts between colonial and pre-colonial concepts of nature. Although Indian nature has been colonised for a long time, Indian culture has a somewhat different approach to nature than Western culture does.

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(3) In the following paper I want to show how (4) Rushdie portraits the pre-colonial concept of

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dangerous nature as opposed to the colonial one. The protagonist and his three followers, who

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represent the Western civilised culture, flee into the jungle and find themselves in a reversed situation: from hunter to hunted or, in a broader sense, from ruler to subject. The Sunderbans - personified as a conscious being - have the power of destroying or refining the intruders depending on whether they are willing and able to learn the lessons it is teaching them. (5) For the analysis of the role of nature in Midnight's Children I want to concentrate mainly on

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"The Sunderbans"-chapter as far as working with the text is concerned. In order to briefly show the

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influence of the jungle experience on Saleem and the episode's part in the story as a whole, I will have to look at the entire novel.

I am going to discuss in part 2.1. the colonial and pre- or non-colonial concepts of nature. In part

2.2. I will then look into the chapter and with the help of the jungle lessons demonstrate the process

of change in Saleem and the three boy-soldiers. I plan to show in part 2.3 relevance of the jungle experience for Saleem as well as for the reader outside the story. In conclusion I will summarise the results of the analysis and evaluate the paper with respect to whether it is suitable to prove my thesis and in how far the approach is relevant for or transferable to other post-colonial writers.

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I. Introduction

(1) If I did not finance my study by working part time or with the help of my parent's money I might

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go to a bank for a student loan. I would then invest this loan in my degree and hope that after five

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years I will find a very well paying job which enables me to repay my debt. As an English major, however, chances that I receive such a job are fairly low. I could deceive the bank by pretending to major in Economics. If I would then get the loan, I could still study English and get no job later. There is no way the bank gets its money back. Alternatively I could purchase lottery tickets and hope to win enough to pay back my loan and never have to worry about getting a job again. If I lose, though, the bank does not get anything, either. There are of course some students who really do study Economics and manage to become well-paid professors. The problem is that the bank does not know what I will do with the money once the loan is made, because it is too costly to monitor the behavior of all borrowers. It cannot differentiate between two freshmen without study records. There is always a risk of default. The bank is therefore very cautious and does not give out loans to all

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students who walk in the door even when they all study Economics and are potential professors. (2) The purpose of this paper is to introduce the credit rationing model under asymmetric information by Blanchard and Fisher. I want to demonstrate how and why credit rationing occurs and

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that it is an equilibrium state. I will further use the model to show whether the interest rate is a reliable indicator for the influence of monetary impulses on the economy.

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(3) The arguments are based mainly on Blanchard and Fisher's "Financial Markets and Credit Rationing" from their Lectures on Macroeconomics. Papers on similar problems especially by Stiglitz and Weiss, Blinder and Stiglitz and Mankiw have been very helpful, too. Formal proofs are kept to a minimum due to my restricted curriculum as a minor in Economics.

Group assignments: general introductions

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7RSLF&XOWXUDO([SODQDWLRQIRU%ULWLVK(FRQRPLF'HFOLQH

(I)

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(1) There are many theories about British economic decline, which roots are supposed to be found

SUHYUHVHDUFK

over 100 years ago. (2) The cultural one we want to discuss here is often used when all other

FHQWUDOFODLP

theories have failed. (3) In this paper we try to highlight the main points of this theory and to show its pros and cons.

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(4) The cliché about Britain says that it has an anti-industrial and pre-modern education system and is

EDFNJURXQG

therefore internationally not competitive. The British Establishment is said to be tied in its traditions

LQIRUPDWLRQ

whose boundaries are very hard to leave by entrepreneurs. Businessmen traditionally have a low

DQVZHUTXHVWLRQ

social prestige compared to the landed gentry and the aristocracy. Family firms were the major form

UDLVHGE\WRSLF

of business organization, so there was no need for a professional training of future businessmen at universities, which delayed the introduction of science to business. Because of the industrial

PHWKRG

revolution the peasant class in Britain was destroyed; it shifted from the country to the cities a century earlier than in the rest of Eastern Europe, America and Japan. Therefore Britain could not

SXUSRVH

increase its productivity in the 1940s by a shift of working potential as the others did. (5) To understand those points we also compare the British economy to the German and the American and (6) try to prove the failure of British entrepreneurs.

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I. INTRODUCTION: Distribution

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(1) Distribution is the process of making products available to people when and where they want to

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purchase them. (Pride/Ferrell p. 336) This process has an impact on the choices that a marketing

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manager makes everyday. (2) The manager for Lehrkind's Distributing in Bozeman, MT, makes

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decisions based on distribution processes everyday. (3) This presentation will consist of three

VWUXFWXUH

sections. In the first section distribution will introduced and applied to the case study of Lehrkind's Distributing. In the second section, specific details of Lehrkind's operations will be fleshed out. The

RXWOLQH

third section will deal with the market aspect of Coca-Cola, while (4) providing an understanding of

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distribution efficiencies within the company and solutions to some of their problems.

Appendix D - Conclusions of Selected Student Term Papers

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III. Conclusion

(1) As the examples show, morphology and syntax of English spoken in Canada is a mixture of British

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and American variants with neither dominating. There are regional, age and gender differences, but

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we cannot say that the older generation prefers BE to AE, the eastern regions speak more modern

FHQWUDOFODLP

than the westerns or that girls prefer the standard variant more than boys.

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(2) In the following I am going to show the general tendencies that can be inferred from the tables.

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(3) Among the parent's generation the British English variants of the examples from the test are more

ILQGLQJV

often used than the American ones, by mothers even a little more often than by fathers. Students seem about to switch to the American variants, it is already dominating but only slightly. Boys appear

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to be somewhat faster than girls in that process. Due to the fairly high usage of BE by the parents the

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figures for the individual provinces indicate a slightly dominating usage of BE, except for Newfoundland where BE is used a lot more often than AE. It is also interesting to look at the numbers of British Columbia - the only state that has a higher figure for AE than for BE. If we look at the older - modern version opposition, we can see the transition to the newer forms; parents still report in some cases a dominating usage of older forms, although a greater part of them prefers modern ones. The majority of students, though, does not use the old forms anymore. This is the case in all provinces.

In the category standard - non standard the standard versions are preferred in both generations but more so by the older one and also more by females. Quebec appears to be the province with the highest proportion of people using the standard variants.

The Canadian "eh" - it must be a recent invention since only students of all provinces reported to use it a lot, twice as much as their parents and girls quite a bit more than boys. In Canada we find evidence for the disappearance of one variant of a word or phrase that used to have (or still has) two. The older - or that variant that is supposed to disappear according to Saphir's theory of drift to the "invariable word" - is used by the older generation slightly more often than by the

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younger, but the so called "surviving variant", which is also not always grammatically correct

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according to present grammar books, is used even less by both generations.

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(4) The English spoken in Canada is a mixture of British and American English, older and modern variants, standard and non standard forms. It is a language in a process of change as any living tongue. Morphology and Syntax used by Canadians is not specifically Canadian, but the combination and the frequencies of all these various forms makes up a language that can be given a name of its own - Canadian English.

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III. Conclusion

(1) My analysis of the role of nature in Midnight's Children shows, that it - personified in the jungle

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- is able to give Saleem his memory back. On the other hand, it serves as a mirror for people of

ILQGLQJV

Western culture in which they see, from the position of the victim, what they do to nature. At the same time Rushdie is showing them the difference between powerful nature and powerful humans: While humans tend to destroy in order to get space for themselves, nature is allowing every species a certain amount of freedom to develop independently. The ability of the jungle to lead Saleem and his followers back to the moral and ethic values of their own culture, reminds the reader of the place of mankind's origin and our responsibilities towards our environment. Despite possessing the gift of

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intelligence, humans do not know everything. They can still learn from nature.

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(2) In so far, I believe, I did prove my thesis, also with the help of the text in parts 2.1. and 2.2. (3)

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I discussed the chapter's relevance within the novel only very briefly because it was not exactly part

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of my topic. Neither did I go into the particulars of style and techniques. This is mainly due to

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pressures in time.

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(4) The approach I took in the analysis of a part of the work of a post-colonial author is not transferable to every other writer of that category. However, since the main idea in my paper is the comparison between two cultures, it is, in general, suitable for the discussion of works, whose authors are familiar with more than just one culture, e.g. Rudyard Kipling.

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IV. Conclusion

(1) The introductory scenario is, of course, staged. (2) Unlike t he banks in this rather simple

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model, the "real" capital market has developed institutions that specialize in acquiring information on

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default risk. Banks use non-price screening mechanisms such as collateral requirements to determine

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the chance of default. They provide incentives for borrowers not to default by making the availability

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of credit and the rate charged dependent on the borrower's previous credit record. All this is used to

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decrease the information asymmetries and to minimize the adverse selection effects of the allocation

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of credit. (3) Still, credit rationing occurs. (4) It is an equilibrium state resulting from rational behavior of market participants. The outcome is not always the first best choice or the socially desirable one. In

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those cases government intervention would help to restore market efficiency.

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The form of contract determines whether there is any credit rationing. Those companies that can

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borrow at the open market (equity finance) do not have to face any quantity constraints; since their risk is observable it is reflected in the price of loans. Debt finance is more vulnerable to constraints in the size or quantity of loans because of information asymmetries concerning the riskiness of the

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project.

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The level of investment depends not only on the interest rate, as shown in section 3.3. It is also influenced by the availability of credit and by the borrower's previous performance. Monetary shocks

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can give impulses to the economy via other financial variables than the interest rate.

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(5) There exists a great number of articles examining the topic under various assumptions;

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findings differ accordingly. Blanchard and fisher say that these complete macroeconomic models, unlike their predecessors from the 1960s and 1970s, attempt empirical relevance. They say further, that the phenomenon is not yet fully researched. (6) It is therefore very likely that findings from this paper will have to be revised in the not so far away future.

Group assignments: general conclusions

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7RSLF&XOWXUDO([SODQDWLRQIRU%ULWLVK(FRQRPLF'HFOLQH

no general conclusion

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SUMMARY

(1) Lehrkind's Coca Cola of Bozeman, Montana, is a producer-distributer company. We chose

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Lehrkind's because in order to report on distribution decisions, the firm is a very good example to look

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at. After processing the raw materials, the produced beverages are prepared for selling. This involves decisions about the right means of distribution in order to reach the consumer of the product as soon as

VXPPDU\RI

possible. (2) Lehrkind's Distributing decided to use the trucks for obtaining this objective and has had

ILQGLQJV

very good experiences. Trucks provide highest accessibility and lowest cost in the area of

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Southwestern Montana, where different means of transportation are either not available at all or only at very high costs. In order to keep the time between producing and selling as short as possible, Lehrkind's uses two different sales systems: pre-sale and full-service. The products are delivered

PHWKRGV

according to a very efficient routing system and reach the customers the day right after they made their

SUHVHQWDWLRQ

orders.

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(3) The content of this paper is the outcome of meetings with the sales manager of the firm, Don

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Coles, our participation in the delivery of the product by going on route with Lehrkind's drivers and by a

UHVWDWHPHQW

market survey proving high customer satisfaction. (4) Some of our suggestions to improve this already

RIREMHFWLYH

efficient process were the installation of CB radios into the out-of-town trucks and providing the loader with routing sheets of the driver. Other alternatives like computer-aided routing turned out to be too expensive. (5) Our objective then was it to show that Lehrkind's efficiently applies the means of distributing their products in order to achieve highest customer satisfaction.

Appendix E - Rewritten Introductions

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I. Introduction

(1) According to popular knowledge, one of the main languages spoken in Canada is English. It is also

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fairly well known that there are differences between American and British English. The question

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might come up then, what kind of English is generally spoken in Canada: British, American or even Canadian?

Throughout Canadian history American and British influences have always been there. During the settlement period those "Americans" who backed the British in the American Revolution left the country for England, the West Indies or Canada. The latter settled in the area of today's Ontario where they had a great influence on the development of modern Canada, including the language. Canada's membership in the British Commonwealth seems to support the notion that British English is the main variant spoken in this country. Its use was for a long time, and in some places still is today, associated with higher education and social status. It is also a means of NOT sounding American. With North America often associated with the United States only, Canadians have every reason to set themselves apart. On the other hand, at Canadian schools and universities many American grammar-

FODLPLQJ

and textbooks, dictionaries etc. are used, and Canada is very much exposed to American television-

FHQWUDOO\

and radio programs and the American print media.

The question remains what kind of English Canadians speak. (2) The above mentioned influences

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suggest that Canadian English carries both British and American characteristics with none

UHVHDUFK

dominating.

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(3) Previous research in that area proposes that there is no such thing as Canadian English in the

method

field of morphology and syntax. As Millard puts it: "The morphology and syntax of Canadian English is

FRXQWHUFODLP

for all practical purposes identical to that of American English. At least some Canadians follow British

WRSUHYLRXV

practice..." And Görlach says: "Morphology is ... identical in British and American English. There are

UHVHDUFK

no features that could count as Canadianisms. The same is true in the field of syntax." (4) In the following paper I attempt to analyze the English spoken in Canada in order to (5)

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(8) Unlike in the fields of vocabulary and pronunciation, there are no distinctively Canadian-only patterns of word or text formation. They are in most cases either British or American but not one variety is used exclusively. (9) The main part of the paper will show these findings in more detail after the methods have been explained in the beginning. Results are summarized in tables within the main part. Their verbal interpretation is included in the conclusion.

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I. Introduction

(1) In his novel Midnight's Children Salman Rushdie dedicates one chapter completely and

HVWDEOLVKLQJ

exclusively to nature. Although "natural" items like trees, lakes, animals and mountains do occur in

WKHVLJQLILFDQFH

other chapters, too, "The Sunderbans" is the only one in which he portraits nature as an uncivilized,

RIWKHUHVHDUFK

uncolonized jungle - a conscious being representing nature in the sense of "the natural world as it

ILHOG

exists without man or his civilisation."

EDFNJURXQG

(2) Rushdie, of Indian origin and a British citizen, implements his thoughts about the man-nature

RQDXWKRUERRN

relationship in this one chapter of his 1981 novel, in which many problems of all aspects of life are fictionalised and incorporated in the story of Saleem's life. Due to his connections to the mothercountry and its former colony, his viewpoint is broadened and, in a way, it authorises his writing about the contrasts between colonial and pre-colonial concepts of nature. Although Indian nature has been colonised for a long time, Indian culture has a somewhat different approach to

SXUSRVH

nature than Western culture does.

WKHVLV

(3) My thesis, which I want to prove in this paper, is that (4) Rushdie portraits the pre-colonial

VWDWHPHQW

concept of dangerous nature as opposed to the colonial one. The protagonist and his three followers, who represent the Western civilised culture, flee into the jungle and find themselves in a reversed situation: from hunter to hunted or, in a broader sense, from ruler to subject. The Sunderbans - personified as a conscious being - have the power of destroying or refining

PHWKRG

the intruders depending on whether they are willing and able to learn the lessons it is teaching them. (5) For the analysis of the role of nature in Midnight's Children I want to concentrate mainly on "The Sunderbans"-chapter as far as working with the text is concerned. In order to briefly show the

VWUXFWXUH

influence of the jungle experience on Saleem and the episode's part in the story as a whole, I will have to look at the entire novel.

(6) I am going to discuss in part 2.1. the colonial and pre- or non-colonial concepts of nature. In part 2.2. I will then look into the chapter and with the help of the jungle lessons demonstrate the process of change in Saleem and the three boy-soldiers. I plan to show in part 2.3 relevance of the jungle experience for Saleem as well as for the reader outside the story. In conclusion I will summarise the results of the analysis and evaluate the paper with respect to whether it is suitable to prove my thesis and in how far the approach is relevant for or transferable to other post-colonial writers.

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I. Introduction

(1) In perfect markets, i.e. in those that are marked (besides other characteristics) by complete

EDFNJURXQG

information of all market participants, the prices for bank loans or insurances reflect the exact risk

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attached to each individual project. In the real world, however, information asymmetries exist. When

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someone is buying a car insurance, the insurer usually does not know the driving habits of that

JHQHUDOLVDWLRQV

person as well as the driver does. Its records might show that inexperienced drivers are engaged in more crashes than experienced ones, but it is very hard to quantify the risk of each individual driver. Insurance premiums are therefore set in such a way to reflect the average risk of a certain, e.g., age group. These rates can be too low for some reckless drivers but too high for some careful drivers. To the latter it might then become cheaper to forego insurance altogether. For the high risk drivers, paying the higher premium is still cheaper than not having an insurance at all. The insurer is then left with a higher percentage of risky drivers than before. If the company wants to raise the premiums in order to make up for the higher risk, some of the lower risk drivers will drop out, too. This process is

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called adverse selection.

REMHFWLYH

(2) In the following paper I want to show the adverse selection effects on the credit market with

VFRSH

the help of the Stiglitz and Weiss model of credit rationing. As on the insurance market the risk of the customer, here better of his or her project, is unknown to the bank but not the borrower. (3) The model shows the strategies the bank uses in order to avoid a pool of too many risky borrowers who

ILQGLQJV

can obtain loans at too low a rate. (4) The rational choice for the bank is to ration credit. This is a market equilibrium although demand for loans at the rate set by the bank exceeds its supply. (2) I will further use the model to show whether the interest rate is a reliable indicator for the influence of

VWUXFWXUH

monetary impulses on the economy.

(5) The following section II of the paper is dealing in more detail with financial markets and the

PDWHULDO

effects of information asymmetries. The Stiglitz and Weiss model will be explained mathematically and graphically in section III, implications close this chapter. Results are summarized in section IV. (6) The arguments are based mainly on Blanchard and Fisher's "Financial Markets and Credit Rationing" from their Lectures on Macroeconomics. Papers on similar problems especially by Stiglitz and Weiss, Blinder and Stiglitz and Mankiw have been very helpful, too.

Group assignments: general introductions

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7RSLF&XOWXUDO([SODQDWLRQIRU%ULWLVK(FRQRPLF'HFOLQH

(I)

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(1) There are many theories about British economic decline, which roots are supposed to be found

SUHYUHVHDUFK

over 100 years ago. (2) The cultural one we want to discuss here is often used when all other

FHQWUDOFODLP

theories have failed. (3) In this paper we want to show why British power declined during the late 19th and early 20th century from the cultural point of view.

SXUSRVH

(4) The cliché about Britain says that it has an anti-industrial and pre-modern education system and is

EDFNJURXQG

therefore internationally not competitive. The British Establishment is said to be tied in its traditions

LQIRUPDWLRQ

whose boundaries are very hard to leave by entrepreneurs. Businessmen traditionally have a low

DQVZHUTXHVWLRQ

social prestige compared to the landed gentry and the aristocracy. Family firms were the major form

UDLVHGE\WRSLF

of business organization, so there was no need for a professional training of future businessmen at universities, which delayed the introduction of science to business. Because of the industrial revolution the peasant class in Britain was destroyed; it shifted from the country to the cities a century earlier than in the rest of Eastern Europe, America and Japan. Therefore Britain could not

PHWKRG

increase its productivity in the 1940s by a shift of working potential as the others did.

VWUXFWXUH

(5) Part two of the following paper compares the educational and business systems of Great Britain and Germany in the late 19th and early 20th century. Part three is a comparison of economic policies in Great Britain and the United States of America. Part four looks at the role of entrepreneurship in Great Britain and the final part deals with the question whether cultural factors are indeed vital in explaining British economic decline.

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I. INTRODUCTION: Distribution

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(1) Distribution is the process of making products available to consumers when and where they want

JHQHUDOLVDWLRQV

to purchase them. (Pride/Ferrell p. 336) This process has an impact on the choices and decisions that a marketing manager makes every day. (2) As part of our course we wanted to study those

REMHFW

decisions of a marketing manager of a local company. Our object was to find out what exactly is included in "distribution", whether the company is working efficiently in that area and what could be

VSHFLILFDWLRQ

done to improve efficiency further. (3) We chose Lehrkind's Coca Cola of Bozeman, MT, since as a

DQGMXVWLILFDWLRQ

producer-distributor company this business' success depends very much on proficient distribution.

EDFNJURXQG

(4) Lehrkind processes the raw materials and then prepares the produced beverages for selling.

LQIRUPDWLRQ

This involves decisions about the right means of distribution in order to reach the consumer of the product as soon as possible. Lehrkind's Coca Cola is using trucks for obtaining this objective and has had very good experiences. Trucks provide highest accessibility and lowest cost in the area of Southwestern Montana, where different means of transportation are either not available at all or only at very high costs. In order to keep the time between producing and selling as short as possible, Lehrkind's uses two different sales systems: pre-sale and full-service. The products are delivered

PHWKRGV

according to a very efficient routing system and reach the customers the day right after they made

ILQGLQJV

their orders.

(5) The content of this paper is the outcome of meetings with the sales manager of the firm, Don Coles, our participation in the delivery of the product by going on route with Lehrkind's drivers and by a market survey proving high customer satisfaction. (6) Some of our suggestions to improve this already efficient process were the installation of CB radios into the out-of-town trucks and providing

VWUXFWXUH

the loader with routing sheets of the driver. Other alternatives like computer-aided routing turned out

SXUSRVH

to be too expensive.

(7) This presentation will consist of three sections. In the first section "distribution" will be introduced and applied to the case study of Lehrkind's Distributing. The second section deals with specific details of Lehrkind's operations. The third section examines Lehrkind's market, while (8) providing an understanding of distribution efficiencies within the company and solutions to some of their problems.

Appendix F - Rewritten Conclusions

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III. Conclusion

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(1) The analysis of the earlier specified part of the Survey of Canadian English has shown that

LQWURGXFWRU\

morphology and syntax of English spoken in Canada is a mixture of British and American English,

FHQWUDOFODLP

older and modern variants, standard and non standard forms. It is a language in a process of change as any living tongue. Morphology and Syntax used by Canadians is not specifically Canadian, but the combination and the frequencies of all these various forms make up a language that can be given a name of its own - Canadian English.

SUHVHQWDWLRQ

(2) There are regional, age and gender differences, but we cannot say that the older generation

RIILQGLQJV

prefers BE to AE, the eastern regions speak more modern than the westerns or that girls prefer the standard variant more than boys. In general, the parent’s generation uses the British English variants of the examples from the test more often than the American ones, mothers even a little more often than fathers. Students seem about to switch to the American variants, it is already dominating but only slightly. Boys appear to be somewhat faster than girls in that process. Due to the fairly high usage of BE by the parents the figures for the individual provinces indicate a slightly dominating usage of BE, except for Newfoundland where BE is used a lot more often than AE. British Columbia is the only state that has a higher figure for AE than for BE.

The older-modern version opposition shows the transition to the newer forms; parents still report in some cases a dominating usage of older forms, although a greater part of them prefers modern ones. The majority of students, though, does not use the old forms anymore. This is the case in all provinces.

In the standard-non standard category the standard versions are preferred in both generations but more so by the older one and also more by females. Quebec seems to be the province with the highest proportion of people using the standard variants.

The Canadian "eh" appears to be a recent invention since only students of all provinces reported to use it a lot, twice as much as their parents and girls quite a bit more than boys. In Canada there is evidence for the disappearance of one variant of a word or phrase that used

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to have (or still has) two. The older - or that variant that is supposed to disappear according to

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Saphir's theory of drift to the "invariable word" - is used by the older generation slightly more often than by the younger, but the so called "surviving variant", which is also not always grammatically correct according to present grammar books, is used even less by both generations. (3) These results, however, have to be regarded as rough tendencies. The analysis can’t be better than the data; the entire Survey of Canadian English, a questionnaire or any other figures in connection with the survey have not been available for this study. The results demonstrate nevertheless the general characteristics of the English spoken in Canada and demonstrate the direction of the development of the language.

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III. Conclusion

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(1) My analysis of the role of nature in Midnight's Children shows, that it - personified in the jungle

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- is able to give Saleem his memory back. On the other hand, it serves as a mirror for people of Western culture in which they see, from the position of the victim, what they do to nature. At the same time Rushdie is showing his readers the difference between powerful nature and powerful humans: While humans tend to destroy in order to get space for themselves, nature is allowing every species a certain amount of freedom to develop independently. The ability of the jungle to lead Saleem and his followers back to the moral and ethic values of their own culture, reminds the reader of the

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place of mankind's origin and our responsibilities towards our environment. Despite possessing the

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gift of intelligence, humans do not know everything; they can still learn from nature.

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(2) In so far, I believe, I did prove my thesis, also with the help of the text in parts 2.1. and 2.2. (3)

I discussed the chapter's relevance within the novel only very briefly because it was not exactly part

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of my topic. Neither did I go into the particulars of style and techniques. This is mainly due to

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pressures in time.

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(4) The approach I took in the analysis was basically a textual one with only a few references to the author’s biography or the historical events he describes. I do not regard it as readily transferable to the analysis of a work of every other post-colonial writer. A comparison between two cultures, however, is suitable for the discussion of works whose authors are familiar with more than just one culture, e.g. Rudyard Kipling.

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IV. Conclusion

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(1) As in the real-world insurance business, the capital market has developed institutions that specialize in acquiring very specific information on the riskiness of investors and their projects. Banks

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use non-price screening mechanisms such as collateral requirements to determine the chance of

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default. They provide incentives for borrowers not to default by making the availability of credit and

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the rate charged dependent on the borrower's previous credit record. All this is used to decrease the

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information asymmetries and to minimize the adverse selection effects of the allocation of credit. (3)

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Still, credit rationing occurs. (4) It is an equilibrium state resulting from rational behavior of all market

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participants. The outcome is not always the first best choice or the socially desirable one. In those

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cases government intervention would help to restore market efficiency. The form of contract is a factor in the credit rationing result. Those companies that can borrow at the open market (equity finance) do not have to face borrowing constraints; since their risk is observable it is reflected in the price of shares. Debt finance is more vulnerable to constraints in the size or quantity of loans because of information asymmetries concerning the riskiness of the project

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and the abilities of the investor.

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The level of investment depends not only on the interest rate, as shown in section 3.3. It is also

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influenced by the availability of credit and by the borrower's previous performance. Monetary shocks

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can give impulses to the economy via other financial variables than the interest rate. (5) There exists a great number of articles examining the topic under various assumptions;

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findings differ accordingly. Blanchard and Fisher say that these complete macroeconomic models, unlike their predecessors from the 1960s and 1970s, attempt empirical relevance. They say further, that the phenomenon is not yet fully researched. (6) It is therefore very likely that findings from this paper will have to be revised in the not so far away future.

Group assignments: general conclusions

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no general conclusion

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SUMMARY

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(1) Lehrkind's Coca Cola of Bozeman, Montana, is a producer-distributor company. It is bottling soft

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drinks and beer and delivers the products to the various super markets, restaurants and vending machines in the area, i.e. distribution is a vital component of their business.

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(2) Our investigation of their distribution system has shown that Lehrkind's Coca Cola use trucks for delivery because of their cost effectiveness and efficiency. The company works with two different

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sales systems: pre-sale and full-service to make their products available to the customer when and

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where they want to purchase them. We studied the routing system by going on tour with the trucks and

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found hardly any way to improve it. Since it is a small company the loader usually know the route each truck is taking on every day of the week. However, sometimes mix ups occur and to avoid those we

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suggested to provide providing the loader with routing sheets of the driver. Further suggestions as the

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installation of CB radios into the out-of-town trucks or computer-aided routing were rejected since their

(3) Since we could find only little to improve the paper and our presentation are mainly a demonstration of a very efficient distribution system.